Parasitol Res. 2010 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
Evaluation of indigenous plant extracts against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston) (Diptera: Culicidae).
Govindarajan M.
Division of Vector Biology and Phytochemistry, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India, drgovind1979@gmail.com.
Abstract
Since ancient times, plant and microbial products were used in various aspects. However, their use against insects decreased when chemical products became developed. Recently, concerns increased with respect to public health and environmental security requiring detection of natural products that may be used against insects. In this study, mosquito Larvicidal and ovicidal activity of crude hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform, and methanol extracts of the leaf of three plants, Eclipta alba, Cardiospermum halicacabum, and Andrographis paniculata, were tested against the early third-instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi (Liston) (Diptera: Culicidae). The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. All extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects; however, the highest larval mortality was found in methanol extract of A. paniculata, E. alba, and C. halicacabum against the larvae of A. stephensi (LC(50) = 79.68, 112.56, and 133.01 ppm; LC(90) = 154.66, 220.68, and 270.72 ppm), respectively. Mean percent hatchability of the ovicidal activity was observed 48 h post-treatment. The percent hatchability was inversely proportional to the concentration of extract and directly proportional to the eggs. Mortality of 100% with methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. paniculata and methanol extract of E. alba were exerted at 200 ppm and methanol and benzene extract of C. halicacabum exerted at 150 ppm. This is an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the malaria vector, A. stephensi. Therefore, this study provides first report on the larvicidal and ovicidal activities against malaria vector, A. stephensi of E. alba plant extracts.
PMID: 21181188 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Traditional herbal medicine in Far-west Nepal: a pharmacological appraisal
J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010 Dec 13;6(1):35. [Epub ahead of print]
Traditional herbal medicine in Far-west Nepal: a pharmacological appraisal.
Kunwar RM, Shrestha KP, Bussmann RW.
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND: Plant species have long been used as principal ingredients of traditional medicine in far-west Nepal. The medicinal plants with ethnomedicinal values are currently being screened for their therapeutic potential but their data and information are inadequately compared and analyzed with the Ayurveda and the phytochemical findings.
METHODS: The present study evaluated ethnomedicinal plants and their uses following literature review, comparison, field observations, and analysis. Comparison was made against earlier standard literature of medicinal plants and ethnomedicine of the same area, the common uses of the Ayurveda and the latest common phytochemical findings. The field study for primary data collection was carried out from 2006-2008.
RESULTS: The herbal medicine in far-west Nepal is the basis of treatment of most illness through traditional knowledge. The medicine is made available via ancient, natural health care practices such as tribal lore, home herbal remedy, and the Baidhya, Ayurveda and Amchi systems. The traditional herbal medicine has not only survived but also thrived in the trans-cultural environment with its intermixture of ethnic traditions and beliefs. The present assessment showed that traditional herbal medicine has flourished in rural areas where modern medicine is parsimoniously accessed because of the high cost and long travel time to health center. Of the 48 Nepalese medicinal plants assessed in the present communication, about half of the species showed affinity with the common uses of the Ayurveda, earlier studies and the latest phytochemical findings. The folk uses of Acacia catechu for cold and cough, Aconitum spicatum as an analgesic, Aesculus indica for joint pain, Andrographis paniculata for fever, Anisomeles indica for urinary affections, Azadirachta indica for fever, Euphorbia hirta for asthma, Taxus wallichiana for tumor control, and Tinospora sinensis for diabetes are consistent with the latest pharmacological findings, common Ayurvedic and earlier uses.
CONCLUSIONS: Although traditional herbal medicine is only a primary means of health care in farwest Nepal, the medicine has been pursued indigenously with complementing pharmacology and the Ayurveda. Therefore, further pharmacological evaluation of traditional herbal medicine deserves more attention.
Free Article
PMID: 21144003 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Traditional herbal medicine in Far-west Nepal: a pharmacological appraisal.
Kunwar RM, Shrestha KP, Bussmann RW.
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND: Plant species have long been used as principal ingredients of traditional medicine in far-west Nepal. The medicinal plants with ethnomedicinal values are currently being screened for their therapeutic potential but their data and information are inadequately compared and analyzed with the Ayurveda and the phytochemical findings.
METHODS: The present study evaluated ethnomedicinal plants and their uses following literature review, comparison, field observations, and analysis. Comparison was made against earlier standard literature of medicinal plants and ethnomedicine of the same area, the common uses of the Ayurveda and the latest common phytochemical findings. The field study for primary data collection was carried out from 2006-2008.
RESULTS: The herbal medicine in far-west Nepal is the basis of treatment of most illness through traditional knowledge. The medicine is made available via ancient, natural health care practices such as tribal lore, home herbal remedy, and the Baidhya, Ayurveda and Amchi systems. The traditional herbal medicine has not only survived but also thrived in the trans-cultural environment with its intermixture of ethnic traditions and beliefs. The present assessment showed that traditional herbal medicine has flourished in rural areas where modern medicine is parsimoniously accessed because of the high cost and long travel time to health center. Of the 48 Nepalese medicinal plants assessed in the present communication, about half of the species showed affinity with the common uses of the Ayurveda, earlier studies and the latest phytochemical findings. The folk uses of Acacia catechu for cold and cough, Aconitum spicatum as an analgesic, Aesculus indica for joint pain, Andrographis paniculata for fever, Anisomeles indica for urinary affections, Azadirachta indica for fever, Euphorbia hirta for asthma, Taxus wallichiana for tumor control, and Tinospora sinensis for diabetes are consistent with the latest pharmacological findings, common Ayurvedic and earlier uses.
CONCLUSIONS: Although traditional herbal medicine is only a primary means of health care in farwest Nepal, the medicine has been pursued indigenously with complementing pharmacology and the Ayurveda. Therefore, further pharmacological evaluation of traditional herbal medicine deserves more attention.
Free Article
PMID: 21144003 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Anthelmintic activity of botanical extracts against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes, Haemonchus contortus
Parasitol Res. 2010 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
Anthelmintic activity of botanical extracts against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes, Haemonchus contortus.
Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Elango G, Bagavan A, Zahir AA.
Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
The source of chemical anthelmintics (levamisole, flubendazole, and thiabendazole) had limited the success of gastrointestinal nematodiasis control in sheep and goats and thus awakened interest in the study of medicinal plant extracts as alternative sources of anthelmintics. The egg hatching and larvicidal effect of indigenous plant extracts were investigated against the sheep parasite, Haemonchus contortus. The purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of leaf, bark, and seed ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees., Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br., Annona squamosa L., Datura metel L., and Solanum torvum Swartz were tested against the parasitic nematode of small ruminants H. contortus using egg hatch assay (EHA) and larval development assay (LDA). The assays were run in 24-well cell culture plates at room temperature with five replicates. All plant extracts showed moderate parasitic effects after 48 and exposure for egg hatching and LDA, respectively; however, 100% egg hatching and larvicidal inhibition were found in the methanol extracts of A. paniculata, A. squamosa, D. metel, and S. torvum at 25 mg/ml and the effect was similar to positive control of Albendazole (0.075 mg/ml) and Ivermectin (0.025mg/ml) against H. contortus, respectively. The EHA result showed the ED(50) of methanol extracts of A. paniculata and D. metel, which were 2.90 and 3.08 mg/ml, and in larval development assay, the ED(50) was 4.26and 3.86 mg/ml, respectively. These effects remain to be confirmed through in vivo studies.
PMID: 21161270 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Anthelmintic activity of botanical extracts against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes, Haemonchus contortus.
Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Elango G, Bagavan A, Zahir AA.
Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
The source of chemical anthelmintics (levamisole, flubendazole, and thiabendazole) had limited the success of gastrointestinal nematodiasis control in sheep and goats and thus awakened interest in the study of medicinal plant extracts as alternative sources of anthelmintics. The egg hatching and larvicidal effect of indigenous plant extracts were investigated against the sheep parasite, Haemonchus contortus. The purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of leaf, bark, and seed ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees., Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R. Br., Annona squamosa L., Datura metel L., and Solanum torvum Swartz were tested against the parasitic nematode of small ruminants H. contortus using egg hatch assay (EHA) and larval development assay (LDA). The assays were run in 24-well cell culture plates at room temperature with five replicates. All plant extracts showed moderate parasitic effects after 48 and exposure for egg hatching and LDA, respectively; however, 100% egg hatching and larvicidal inhibition were found in the methanol extracts of A. paniculata, A. squamosa, D. metel, and S. torvum at 25 mg/ml and the effect was similar to positive control of Albendazole (0.075 mg/ml) and Ivermectin (0.025mg/ml) against H. contortus, respectively. The EHA result showed the ED(50) of methanol extracts of A. paniculata and D. metel, which were 2.90 and 3.08 mg/ml, and in larval development assay, the ED(50) was 4.26and 3.86 mg/ml, respectively. These effects remain to be confirmed through in vivo studies.
PMID: 21161270 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Andrographolide down-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in human non-small cell lun g cancer A549 cells
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Andrographolide down-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in human non-small cell lun g cancer A549 cells.
Lin HH, Tsai CW, Chou FP, Wang CJ, Hsuan SW, Wang CK, Chen JH.
School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
Abstract
Andrographolide (Andro), a diterpenoid lactone isolated from a traditional herbal medicine Andrographis paniculata, is known to possess multiple pharmacological activities. In our previous study, Andro had been shown to inhibit non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cell migration and invasion via down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Here we demonstrated that Andro inhibited the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in A549 cells. HIF-1α plays an important role in tumor growth, angiogenesis and lymph node metastasis of NSCLC. The Andro-induced decrease of cellular protein level of HIF-1α was correlated with a rapid ubiquitin-dependent degradation of HIF-1α, and was accompanied by increased expressions of hydroxyl-HIF-1α and prolyl hydroxylase (PHD2), and a later decrease of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upon the treatment of Andro. The Andro-inhibited VEGF expression appeared to be a consequence of HIF-1α inactivation, because that its DNA binding activity was suppressed by Andro. Molecular data showed that all these effects of Andro might be mediated via TGFβ1/PHD2/HIF-1α pathway, as demonstrated by the transfection of TGFβ1 overexpression vector and PHD2 siRNA, and the usage of a pharmacological MG132 inhibitor. Furthermore, we elucidated the involvement of Andro in HIF-1α transduced VEGF expression in A549 cells and other NSCLC cell lines. In conclusion, these results highlighted the potential effects of Andro, which may be developed as a chemotheraptic or an anti-angiogenesis agent for NSCLC in the future.
Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.
PMID: 21134392 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Andrographolide down-regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in human non-small cell lun g cancer A549 cells.
Lin HH, Tsai CW, Chou FP, Wang CJ, Hsuan SW, Wang CK, Chen JH.
School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
Abstract
Andrographolide (Andro), a diterpenoid lactone isolated from a traditional herbal medicine Andrographis paniculata, is known to possess multiple pharmacological activities. In our previous study, Andro had been shown to inhibit non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cell migration and invasion via down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Here we demonstrated that Andro inhibited the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in A549 cells. HIF-1α plays an important role in tumor growth, angiogenesis and lymph node metastasis of NSCLC. The Andro-induced decrease of cellular protein level of HIF-1α was correlated with a rapid ubiquitin-dependent degradation of HIF-1α, and was accompanied by increased expressions of hydroxyl-HIF-1α and prolyl hydroxylase (PHD2), and a later decrease of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upon the treatment of Andro. The Andro-inhibited VEGF expression appeared to be a consequence of HIF-1α inactivation, because that its DNA binding activity was suppressed by Andro. Molecular data showed that all these effects of Andro might be mediated via TGFβ1/PHD2/HIF-1α pathway, as demonstrated by the transfection of TGFβ1 overexpression vector and PHD2 siRNA, and the usage of a pharmacological MG132 inhibitor. Furthermore, we elucidated the involvement of Andro in HIF-1α transduced VEGF expression in A549 cells and other NSCLC cell lines. In conclusion, these results highlighted the potential effects of Andro, which may be developed as a chemotheraptic or an anti-angiogenesis agent for NSCLC in the future.
Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.
PMID: 21134392 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Efficacy of medicinal plant extracts against malarial vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi
Parasitol Res. 2010 Dec 7. [Epub ahead of print]
Efficacy of medicinal plant extracts against malarial vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi.
Elango G, Rahuman AA, Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Zahir AA.
Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C.Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Insecticides of botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adulticidal activity and adult emergence inhibition (EI) of leaf hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa ex Roxb, Andrographis lineata Wallich ex Nees., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees., Cocculus hirsutus L. Diels, Eclipta prostrata L., and Tagetes erecta L. tested against malarial vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). All plant extracts showed moderate adulticidal activity and EI effects after 24 h of exposure at 1,000 ppm; however, the highest adulticidal activity was observed in ethyl acetate extract of A.lineata, chloroform extract of A.paniculata, acetone extract of C.hirsutus, and methanol extract of T.erecta (LD(50) = 126.92, 95.82, 109.40, and 89.83 ppm; LD(90) = 542.95, 720.82, 459.03, and 607.85 ppm); and effective EI was found in leaf acetone extract of the A. marmelos, ethyl acetate extract of A.lineata, methanol extracts of C. hirsutus, and T.erecta, (EI(50) = 128.14, 79.39, 143.97, and 92.82 ppm; EI(90) = 713.53, 293.70, 682.72, and 582.59 ppm), respectively, against A. subpictus. These results suggest that the leaf methanol extract of C. hirsutus and T.erecta have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of A. subpictus. Therefore, this study provides first report on the mosquito adulticidal activity and EI of plant extracts against malaria vector.
PMID: 21136078 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Randomised clinical trial: herbal extract HMPL-004 in active ulcerative colitis - a double-blind comparison with sustained release mesalazine
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Nov 30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04515.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Randomised clinical trial: herbal extract HMPL-004 in active ulcerative colitis - a double-blind comparison with sustained release mesalazine.
Tang T, Targan SR, Li ZS, Xu C, Byers VS, Sandborn WJ.
Hutchison Medipharma Ltd., Shanghai, China. Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. Immunology Inc., Incline Village, NV, USA. Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Abstract
Background Andrographis paniculata is an herbal mixture used to treat inflammatory diseases. An extract of the herb, HMPL-004, inhibits TNF-α and IL-1β, and prevents colitis in animal models. Aim To determine the efficacy and safety of HMPL-004 in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Methods A randomised, double-blind, multicentre, 8-week parallel group study was conducted using HMPL-004 1200 mg/day compared with 4500 mg/day of slow release mesalazine (mesalamine) granules in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis. Disease activity was assessed at baseline and every 2 weeks for clinical response, and at baseline and 8 weeks by colonoscopy. Results One hundred and twenty patients at five centres in China were randomised and dosed. Clinical remission and response were seen in 21% and 76% of HMPL-004-treated patients, and 16% and 82% of mesalazine-treated patients. By colonoscopy, remission and response were seen in 28% and 74% of HMPL-004-treated patients and 24% and 71% of mesalazine-treated patients, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups. Conclusion HMPL-004 may be an efficacious alternative to mesalazine in ulcerative colitis.
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
PMID: 21114791 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Randomised clinical trial: herbal extract HMPL-004 in active ulcerative colitis - a double-blind comparison with sustained release mesalazine.
Tang T, Targan SR, Li ZS, Xu C, Byers VS, Sandborn WJ.
Hutchison Medipharma Ltd., Shanghai, China. Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. Immunology Inc., Incline Village, NV, USA. Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Abstract
Background Andrographis paniculata is an herbal mixture used to treat inflammatory diseases. An extract of the herb, HMPL-004, inhibits TNF-α and IL-1β, and prevents colitis in animal models. Aim To determine the efficacy and safety of HMPL-004 in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Methods A randomised, double-blind, multicentre, 8-week parallel group study was conducted using HMPL-004 1200 mg/day compared with 4500 mg/day of slow release mesalazine (mesalamine) granules in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis. Disease activity was assessed at baseline and every 2 weeks for clinical response, and at baseline and 8 weeks by colonoscopy. Results One hundred and twenty patients at five centres in China were randomised and dosed. Clinical remission and response were seen in 21% and 76% of HMPL-004-treated patients, and 16% and 82% of mesalazine-treated patients. By colonoscopy, remission and response were seen in 28% and 74% of HMPL-004-treated patients and 24% and 71% of mesalazine-treated patients, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups. Conclusion HMPL-004 may be an efficacious alternative to mesalazine in ulcerative colitis.
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
PMID: 21114791 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In vitro modulatory effects of Andrographis paniculata; Centella asiatica and Ortho siphon stamineus on cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)
J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Nov 17. [Epub ahead of print]
In vitro modulatory effects of Andrographis paniculata; Centella asiatica and Ortho siphon stamineus on cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19).
Pan Y, Abd-Rashid BA, Ismail Z, Ismail R, Mak JW, Pook PC, Er HM, Ong CE.
School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126, Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Abstract
ETHNO PHARMACOLOGICAL
RELEVANCE: Andrographils paniculata (AP), Centella asiatica (CA) and Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) are three popular herbs tradtionally used worldwide. AP is known for the treatment of infections and diabetes and CA is good for wound healing and heathy skin while OS is usually consumed as tea to treat kidney and urinary disorders. Interaction of these herbs with human cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19), a major hepatic CYP isoform involved in metabolism of many clinical drugs have not been investigated to date.
AIM OF THE STUDY: In this study, the modulatory effects of various extracts and major active constituents of AP, CA and OS on CYP2C19 acitvities were evaluated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: S-mephenytoin, the CYP2C19 substrate probe, was incubated in the presence or absence of AP, CA and OS components. The changes in the rate of metabolite (hydroxymephenytoin) formation was subsequently determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based enzyme assay to characterize the modulatory effects.
RESULTS: Among the herbal extacts studied, AP ethanol extract and CA dichloromethane extract exhibited mixed type inhibition towards CYP2C19 with K(i) values of 67.1 and 16.4μg/ml respectively; CA ethanol extract and OS petroleum ether extract competitively inhibited CYP2C19 activity (K(i)=39.6 and 41.5μg/ml respectively). Eupatorin (a major active constituent of OS) was found to significantly inhibit CYP2C19 by mixed type inhibition (K(i)=7.1μg/ml or 20.6μM).
CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that AP, CA and OS inhibited CYP2C19 activity with varying potency. While weak inhibitory effect was observed with AP, moderate to strong inhibition was observed with CA dichloromethane extract and eupatorin, the major OS constituent. Therefore care should be taken when these CA and OS components are co-administered with CYP2C19 substrates (such as omeprazole, proguanil, barbiturates, citalopram, and diazepam).
Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
PMID: 21093571 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In vitro modulatory effects of Andrographis paniculata; Centella asiatica and Ortho siphon stamineus on cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19).
Pan Y, Abd-Rashid BA, Ismail Z, Ismail R, Mak JW, Pook PC, Er HM, Ong CE.
School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126, Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Abstract
ETHNO PHARMACOLOGICAL
RELEVANCE: Andrographils paniculata (AP), Centella asiatica (CA) and Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) are three popular herbs tradtionally used worldwide. AP is known for the treatment of infections and diabetes and CA is good for wound healing and heathy skin while OS is usually consumed as tea to treat kidney and urinary disorders. Interaction of these herbs with human cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19), a major hepatic CYP isoform involved in metabolism of many clinical drugs have not been investigated to date.
AIM OF THE STUDY: In this study, the modulatory effects of various extracts and major active constituents of AP, CA and OS on CYP2C19 acitvities were evaluated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: S-mephenytoin, the CYP2C19 substrate probe, was incubated in the presence or absence of AP, CA and OS components. The changes in the rate of metabolite (hydroxymephenytoin) formation was subsequently determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based enzyme assay to characterize the modulatory effects.
RESULTS: Among the herbal extacts studied, AP ethanol extract and CA dichloromethane extract exhibited mixed type inhibition towards CYP2C19 with K(i) values of 67.1 and 16.4μg/ml respectively; CA ethanol extract and OS petroleum ether extract competitively inhibited CYP2C19 activity (K(i)=39.6 and 41.5μg/ml respectively). Eupatorin (a major active constituent of OS) was found to significantly inhibit CYP2C19 by mixed type inhibition (K(i)=7.1μg/ml or 20.6μM).
CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that AP, CA and OS inhibited CYP2C19 activity with varying potency. While weak inhibitory effect was observed with AP, moderate to strong inhibition was observed with CA dichloromethane extract and eupatorin, the major OS constituent. Therefore care should be taken when these CA and OS components are co-administered with CYP2C19 substrates (such as omeprazole, proguanil, barbiturates, citalopram, and diazepam).
Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
PMID: 21093571 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cellular glutathione content modulates the effect of andrographolide on β-naphthoflavone-induced CYP1A1 mRNA expression in mouse hepatocytes
Toxicology. 2010 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
Cellular glutathione content modulates the effect of andrographolide on β-naphthoflavone-induced CYP1A1 mRNA expression in mouse hepatocytes.
Kondo S, Chatuphonprasert W, Jaruchotikamol A, Sakuma T, Nemoto N.
Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
Abstract
We previously reported that andrographolide (Andro), a major bioactive constituent of Andrographis paniculata, synergistically enhanced the inducible expression of CYP1A1 mRNA. In this study, although the synergism was confirmed at 24h after the start of treatment with Andro and β-naphthoflavone (βNF), a CYP1A inducer, the expression was profoundly suppressed at an earlier phase, namely at 6 -12h, when the βNF-induced expression peaked. Although oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels were higher in co-treated cells at 6 and 24h, levels of reactive oxygen species varied depending on the treatment period and species, indicating no relation to the synergistic expression of CYP1A1 mRNA. Glutathione (GSH) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) significantly enhanced the βNF-induced expression, and partly reversed the suppressive effect of Andro in the early phase. At 24h, the addition of GSH or NAC had no effect on βNF-induced CYP1A1 mRNA expression, but significantly reduced the synergistic effect of Andro. The synergistic effect was enhanced by L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine, a GSH depleter. Furthermore, H(2)O(2) and ascorbic acid further modified the profile of synergism of Andro on βNF-inducible CYP1A1 mRNA expression. These results suggest that GSH status might be involved in βNF-induced CYP1A1 mRNA expression, and the interaction of Andro with GSH might modulate the expression.
Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
PMID: 21094198 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cellular glutathione content modulates the effect of andrographolide on β-naphthoflavone-induced CYP1A1 mRNA expression in mouse hepatocytes.
Kondo S, Chatuphonprasert W, Jaruchotikamol A, Sakuma T, Nemoto N.
Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
Abstract
We previously reported that andrographolide (Andro), a major bioactive constituent of Andrographis paniculata, synergistically enhanced the inducible expression of CYP1A1 mRNA. In this study, although the synergism was confirmed at 24h after the start of treatment with Andro and β-naphthoflavone (βNF), a CYP1A inducer, the expression was profoundly suppressed at an earlier phase, namely at 6 -12h, when the βNF-induced expression peaked. Although oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels were higher in co-treated cells at 6 and 24h, levels of reactive oxygen species varied depending on the treatment period and species, indicating no relation to the synergistic expression of CYP1A1 mRNA. Glutathione (GSH) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) significantly enhanced the βNF-induced expression, and partly reversed the suppressive effect of Andro in the early phase. At 24h, the addition of GSH or NAC had no effect on βNF-induced CYP1A1 mRNA expression, but significantly reduced the synergistic effect of Andro. The synergistic effect was enhanced by L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine, a GSH depleter. Furthermore, H(2)O(2) and ascorbic acid further modified the profile of synergism of Andro on βNF-inducible CYP1A1 mRNA expression. These results suggest that GSH status might be involved in βNF-induced CYP1A1 mRNA expression, and the interaction of Andro with GSH might modulate the expression.
Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
PMID: 21094198 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Andrographolide-induced pi class of glutathione S-transferase gene expression via PI3K/Akt pathway in rat primary hepatocytes
Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
Andrographolide-induced pi class of glutathione S-transferase gene expression via PI3K/Akt pathway in rat primary hepatocytes.
Lu CY, Li CC, Yao HT, Liu KL, Tsai CW, Lii CK, Chen HW.
Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata is an herb widely used in China, Korea, and India for its anti-hepatotoxic, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory effects. Andrographolide is the major bioactive diterpene lactone in A. paniculata. The pi class of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP) is one of the phase II biotransformation enzymes. Our previous study indicated that andrographolide upregulates the expression of GSTP. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which andrographolide induces GSTP gene expression in rat primary hepatocytes. In hepatocytes treated with 40 μM andrographolide, immunoblots showed maximal Akt phosphorylation at 0.5 h and maximal c-jun phosphorylation at 3 h. However, pretreatment with PI3K inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002, or siPI3K inhibited the andrographolide-induced phosphorylation of c-jun and GSTP protein expression. EMSA showed that pretreatment with wortmannin, LY294002, or siPI3K attenuated the AP-1-DNA binding activity caused by andrographolide. Results of immunoprecipitation indicated that nuclear c-fos/c-jun heterodimer increases with andrographolide treatment. Addition of antibodies against c-jun and c-fos decreased nuclear protein bound to the AP-1 consensus DNA sequence. In summary, andrographolide induces GSTP gene expression in rat primary hepatocytes through activation of the PI3K/Akt, phosphorylation of c-jun, nuclear accumulation of AP-1, and subsequent binding to the response element in the gene promoter region.
Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
PMID: 21056613 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Andrographolide-induced pi class of glutathione S-transferase gene expression via PI3K/Akt pathway in rat primary hepatocytes.
Lu CY, Li CC, Yao HT, Liu KL, Tsai CW, Lii CK, Chen HW.
Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata is an herb widely used in China, Korea, and India for its anti-hepatotoxic, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory effects. Andrographolide is the major bioactive diterpene lactone in A. paniculata. The pi class of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP) is one of the phase II biotransformation enzymes. Our previous study indicated that andrographolide upregulates the expression of GSTP. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which andrographolide induces GSTP gene expression in rat primary hepatocytes. In hepatocytes treated with 40 μM andrographolide, immunoblots showed maximal Akt phosphorylation at 0.5 h and maximal c-jun phosphorylation at 3 h. However, pretreatment with PI3K inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002, or siPI3K inhibited the andrographolide-induced phosphorylation of c-jun and GSTP protein expression. EMSA showed that pretreatment with wortmannin, LY294002, or siPI3K attenuated the AP-1-DNA binding activity caused by andrographolide. Results of immunoprecipitation indicated that nuclear c-fos/c-jun heterodimer increases with andrographolide treatment. Addition of antibodies against c-jun and c-fos decreased nuclear protein bound to the AP-1 consensus DNA sequence. In summary, andrographolide induces GSTP gene expression in rat primary hepatocytes through activation of the PI3K/Akt, phosphorylation of c-jun, nuclear accumulation of AP-1, and subsequent binding to the response element in the gene promoter region.
Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
PMID: 21056613 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In vitro modulation of LPS/calcimycin induced inflammatory and allergic mediators by pure compounds of Andrographis paniculata (King of bitters) extract
Int Immunopharmacol. 2010 Oct 26. [Epub ahead of print]
In vitro modulation of LPS/calcimycin induced inflammatory and allergic mediators by pure compounds of Andrographis paniculata (King of bitters) extract.
Chandrasekaran CV, Thiyagarajan P, Deepak HB, Agarwal A.
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to probe the anti-inflammatory/anti-allergic potential of seven phytoconstituents (andrographolide, neoandrographolide, isoandrographolide, andrograpanin, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide, 7-O-methylwogonin and skullcapflavone-I) isolated from Andrographis paniculata (King of bitters) on the production of key inflammatory/allergic mediators (NO, PGE(2), IL-1 beta, IL-6, LTB(4), TXB(2) and histamine). The results demonstrated that andrographolide, isoandrographolide, 7-O-methylwogonin and skullcapflavone-I significantly inhibited LPS stimulated NO and PGE(2) release in J774A.1 macrophages. Andrographolide, isoandrographolide and 7-O-methylwogonin showed considerable inhibition of IL-1 beta production in LPS elicited macrophages. LPS induced IL-6 production was significantly inhibited by andrographolide, isoandrographolide and skullcapflavone-I in a concentration dependent manner. The results revealed that andrographolide, isoandrographolide and skullcapflavone-I significantly decreased TXB(2) release in A23187 activated HL-60 promyelocytic cells. Furthermore, the anti-allergic properties of the phytoconstituents was investigated on A23187 induced LTB(4) production (HL-60 cells) and histamine release (RBL-2H3 basophilic cells). The results showed that only skullcapflavone-I and 7-O-methylwogonin showed marked inhibitory effect on LTB(4) production, however, only 7-O-methylwogonin exerted dose-dependent inhibition towards histamine release. Therefore, this study indicates that some of these phytoconstituents exhibit potent anti-inflammatory/anti-allergic effects by modulating different inflammatory/allergic mediators. Hence, these phytoconstituents might provide useful phytomedical treatment against variety of inflammatory and allergic disorders.
Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier B.V.
PMID: 21034865 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In vitro modulation of LPS/calcimycin induced inflammatory and allergic mediators by pure compounds of Andrographis paniculata (King of bitters) extract.
Chandrasekaran CV, Thiyagarajan P, Deepak HB, Agarwal A.
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to probe the anti-inflammatory/anti-allergic potential of seven phytoconstituents (andrographolide, neoandrographolide, isoandrographolide, andrograpanin, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide, 7-O-methylwogonin and skullcapflavone-I) isolated from Andrographis paniculata (King of bitters) on the production of key inflammatory/allergic mediators (NO, PGE(2), IL-1 beta, IL-6, LTB(4), TXB(2) and histamine). The results demonstrated that andrographolide, isoandrographolide, 7-O-methylwogonin and skullcapflavone-I significantly inhibited LPS stimulated NO and PGE(2) release in J774A.1 macrophages. Andrographolide, isoandrographolide and 7-O-methylwogonin showed considerable inhibition of IL-1 beta production in LPS elicited macrophages. LPS induced IL-6 production was significantly inhibited by andrographolide, isoandrographolide and skullcapflavone-I in a concentration dependent manner. The results revealed that andrographolide, isoandrographolide and skullcapflavone-I significantly decreased TXB(2) release in A23187 activated HL-60 promyelocytic cells. Furthermore, the anti-allergic properties of the phytoconstituents was investigated on A23187 induced LTB(4) production (HL-60 cells) and histamine release (RBL-2H3 basophilic cells). The results showed that only skullcapflavone-I and 7-O-methylwogonin showed marked inhibitory effect on LTB(4) production, however, only 7-O-methylwogonin exerted dose-dependent inhibition towards histamine release. Therefore, this study indicates that some of these phytoconstituents exhibit potent anti-inflammatory/anti-allergic effects by modulating different inflammatory/allergic mediators. Hence, these phytoconstituents might provide useful phytomedical treatment against variety of inflammatory and allergic disorders.
Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier B.V.
PMID: 21034865 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Andrographis paniculata Downregulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Production and Augments Cell Mediated Immune Response in Metastatic Tumor-Bearing Mice
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2010;11(3):723-9
Andrographis paniculata Downregulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Production and Augments Cell Mediated Immune Response in Metastatic Tumor-Bearing Mice
Sheeja K, Kuttan G.
Department of Immunology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala, India. E-mail : amalacancerresearch@gmail.com
Abstract
Effects of Andrographis paniculata extract and its major component, andrographolide, on cell-mediated immune responses in metastatic tumor bearing animals were studied. NK cell mediated target cell lysis was enhanced by the administration of Andrographis paniculata extract (45.0% cell lysis) and andrographolide (40.2% cell lysis) on the 5th day after tumor induction when compared to untreated metastatic tumor bearing animals in which maximum target cell lysis was observed on 11th day (11.4%). Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was also enhanced by treatment with the extract (42.0% cell lysis) and andrographolide (40.2%) in comparison with the untreated case (11.0%). Similarly, the extract (25%) and andrographolide (22%) showed higher ACC activity than the control (14%) and treatment of extract and andrographolide resulted in significant increase in serum IL-2 and TIMP-1 levels. Furthermore, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1?, IL-6, GM-CSF and TNF-? were effectively reduced by the administration of extract and andrographolide in metastatic tumor bearing animals.
PMID: 21039043 [PubMed - in process]
Andrographis paniculata Downregulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Production and Augments Cell Mediated Immune Response in Metastatic Tumor-Bearing Mice
Sheeja K, Kuttan G.
Department of Immunology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala, India. E-mail : amalacancerresearch@gmail.com
Abstract
Effects of Andrographis paniculata extract and its major component, andrographolide, on cell-mediated immune responses in metastatic tumor bearing animals were studied. NK cell mediated target cell lysis was enhanced by the administration of Andrographis paniculata extract (45.0% cell lysis) and andrographolide (40.2% cell lysis) on the 5th day after tumor induction when compared to untreated metastatic tumor bearing animals in which maximum target cell lysis was observed on 11th day (11.4%). Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was also enhanced by treatment with the extract (42.0% cell lysis) and andrographolide (40.2%) in comparison with the untreated case (11.0%). Similarly, the extract (25%) and andrographolide (22%) showed higher ACC activity than the control (14%) and treatment of extract and andrographolide resulted in significant increase in serum IL-2 and TIMP-1 levels. Furthermore, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1?, IL-6, GM-CSF and TNF-? were effectively reduced by the administration of extract and andrographolide in metastatic tumor bearing animals.
PMID: 21039043 [PubMed - in process]
Studies on effects of indigenous plant extracts on malarial vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera:Culicidae)
Trop Biomed. 2010 Aug;27(2):143-54.
Studies on effects of indigenous plant extracts on malarial vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera:Culicidae).
Elango G, Abdul Rahuman A, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Abduz Zahir A, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T.
Unit of Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam - 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. Use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. Insecticides of botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. The present investigations were made to evaluate the repellent, ovicidal and oviposition-deterrent potential of leaf hexane and chloroform extracts of Aegle marmelos, Andrographis lineata, Andrographis paniculata, Cocculus hirsutus, Eclipta prostrata and Tagetes erecta against Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera:Culicidae). The hexane extract of A. lineata was more effective in exhibiting the repellent action against the mosquito as compared with A. marmelos extract. Complete protections for 150 min were found in hexane extract of A. lineata at 500 ppm against An. subpictus bites. Mean percent hatchability of the ovicidal activity was observed 24 h after treatment. The percent hatchability was inversely proportional to the concentration of extract and directly proportional to the eggs. No hatchability was observed with hexane and chloroform extracts of A. lineata, A. paniculata and hexane extract of T. erecta were exerted at 1,000 ppm. The percentage of effective oviposition repellency of 93.07, 93.95, 98.03, 90.43, 92.63, 81.53, 94.81, 97.50, 97.26, 92.22, 82.85 and 72.77 at 500 ppm and the lowest repellency of 62.03, 53.64, 73.47, 59.05, 57.95, 48.17, 62.22, 72.99, 75.48, 67.77, 40.57 and 52.11 at 31.25 ppm in hexane and chloroform extracts of A. marmelos, A. lineata, A. paniculata, C. hirsutus, E. prostrata and T. erecta, respectively. The oviposition activity index (OAI) values revealed that the solvent plant extracts have deterrent effect, and they caused a remarkable negative response resulting in oviposition of very few eggs. These results clearly reveal that the hexane extract of A. lineata, served as a potential repellent, ovicidal and oviposition- deterrent against An. subpictus.
PMID: 20962710 [PubMed - in process]
Studies on effects of indigenous plant extracts on malarial vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera:Culicidae).
Elango G, Abdul Rahuman A, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Abduz Zahir A, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T.
Unit of Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam - 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. Use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. Insecticides of botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. The present investigations were made to evaluate the repellent, ovicidal and oviposition-deterrent potential of leaf hexane and chloroform extracts of Aegle marmelos, Andrographis lineata, Andrographis paniculata, Cocculus hirsutus, Eclipta prostrata and Tagetes erecta against Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera:Culicidae). The hexane extract of A. lineata was more effective in exhibiting the repellent action against the mosquito as compared with A. marmelos extract. Complete protections for 150 min were found in hexane extract of A. lineata at 500 ppm against An. subpictus bites. Mean percent hatchability of the ovicidal activity was observed 24 h after treatment. The percent hatchability was inversely proportional to the concentration of extract and directly proportional to the eggs. No hatchability was observed with hexane and chloroform extracts of A. lineata, A. paniculata and hexane extract of T. erecta were exerted at 1,000 ppm. The percentage of effective oviposition repellency of 93.07, 93.95, 98.03, 90.43, 92.63, 81.53, 94.81, 97.50, 97.26, 92.22, 82.85 and 72.77 at 500 ppm and the lowest repellency of 62.03, 53.64, 73.47, 59.05, 57.95, 48.17, 62.22, 72.99, 75.48, 67.77, 40.57 and 52.11 at 31.25 ppm in hexane and chloroform extracts of A. marmelos, A. lineata, A. paniculata, C. hirsutus, E. prostrata and T. erecta, respectively. The oviposition activity index (OAI) values revealed that the solvent plant extracts have deterrent effect, and they caused a remarkable negative response resulting in oviposition of very few eggs. These results clearly reveal that the hexane extract of A. lineata, served as a potential repellent, ovicidal and oviposition- deterrent against An. subpictus.
PMID: 20962710 [PubMed - in process]
Evaluation of medicinal plant extracts against ticks and fluke
Parasitol Res. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]
Evaluation of medicinal plant extracts against ticks and fluke.
Elango G, Rahuman AA.
Evaluation of medicinal plant extracts against ticks and fluke.
Elango G, Rahuman AA.
Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, P. G & Research
Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509,
Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
The present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic
activities to determine the efficacies of leaf hexane, chloroform,
ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of Aegle marmelos (Linn.)
Correa ex Roxb, Andrographis lineata Wallich ex Nees., Andrographis
paniculata (Burm.f.) Wallich ex Nees., Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels,
Eclipta prostrata L., and Tagetes erecta L. against the adult cattle
tick Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann 1897 (Acarina: Ixodidae), the
larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Canestrini 1887 (Acari:
Ixodidae) and sheep fluke Paramphistomum cervi Zeder 1790 (Digenea:
Paramphistomatidae). All plant extracts showed moderate toxic effect
on parasites after 24 h of exposure; however, the highest parasitic
activity was found in leaf ethyl acetate extract of A. lineata,
methanol extract of A. marmelos, A. paniculata, and C. hirsutus
against H. bispinosa (LC(50) = 395.27, 358.45, 327.21 and 420.50 ppm);
ethyl acetate extract of A. paniculata, C. hirsutus, methanol extracts
of A. marmelos, A. lineata, and E. prostrata against the larvae of R.
microplus (LC(50) = 207.70, 258.61, 134.09, 206.00, and 274.33 ppm);
hexane extract of A. lineata, ethyl acetate extract of A. paniculata,
E. prostrata, acetone extracts of T. erecta, methanol extracts of A.
marmelos and C. hirsutus against P. cervi (LC(50) = 254.23, 451.17,
425.73, 253.60, 542.71, and 360.17 ppm), respectively. The present
study is the first report on the veterinary parasitic activity of
plant extracts from Southern India.
PMID: 20922419 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Neuroprotective effects of andrographolide in a rat model of permanent cerebral ischaemia
Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Oct;161(3):668-79.
Chan SJ, Wong WS, Wong PT, Bian JS.
Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National
University of Singapore, Singapore.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone
isolated from a traditional medicinal herb, Andrographis paniculata.
It possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity. The present study
examined potential therapeutic effects of andrographolide on cerebral
ischaemia using a rat model with permanent middle cerebral artery
occlusion (pMCAO). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The MCA in rats was
permanently occluded (by cautery), and 24 h later neurological effects
were assessed with behavioural scores. Infarct volume and microglial
activation were determined histologically. The p65 form of the
transcription factor, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), was measured by
Western blot, and cytokines by immunoassay of brain extracts. KEY
RESULTS Andrographolide, given i.p. 1 h after pMCAO, reduced infarct
volume with a maximum reduction of approximately 50% obtained at 0.1
mg·kg(-1). Neurological deficits were also reduced by andrographolide,
reflecting a correlation between infarct volume and neurological
deficits. pMCAO was found to induce activation of microglia and
elevate tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and
prostaglandin (PG)E(2) in the ischaemic brain areas. Andrographolide
(0.1 mg·kg(-1)) significantly attenuated or abolished these effects.
In addition, andrographolide suppressed the translocation of p65 from
cytosol to nucleus, indicating reduced NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS
AND IMPLICATIONS Andrographolide exhibited neuroprotective effects,
with accompanying suppression of NF-κB and microglial activation, and
reduction in the production of cytokines including TNF-α and IL-1β,
and pro-inflammatory factors such as PGE(2). Our findings suggest that
andrographolide may have therapeutic value in the treatment of stroke.
PMID: 20880404 [PubMed - in process]
A novel microwave-assisted extraction for the isolation of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata and its in vitro antioxidant activity
Nat Prod Res. 2010 Oct;24(16):1560-7.
Vasu S, Palaniyappan V, Badami S.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund 643 001, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata has a long history of use in traditional medicine and andrographolide is one of its potent compounds. In this study, a rapid isolation of andrographolide (colourless, bitter and crystalline diterpene lactone) was carried out by a newly developed microwave-assisted extraction. The extraction intensity, time and amount of solvent were optimised prior to this. The conventional heating method provided a 0.4452% yield of andrographolide and microwave heating at 210 W for 40 min provided a 0.589% yield. Compared to conventional extraction procedures, the results suggested that the proposed method was an effective alternative for the extraction of andrographolide. The isolated compounds were found to be the same by UV, HPTLC and (1)H-NMR studies. The isolated andrographolide was tested for in vitro antioxidant activity, and showed a potent free radical scavenging activity.
PMID: 20835957 [PubMed - in process]
Vasu S, Palaniyappan V, Badami S.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund 643 001, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata has a long history of use in traditional medicine and andrographolide is one of its potent compounds. In this study, a rapid isolation of andrographolide (colourless, bitter and crystalline diterpene lactone) was carried out by a newly developed microwave-assisted extraction. The extraction intensity, time and amount of solvent were optimised prior to this. The conventional heating method provided a 0.4452% yield of andrographolide and microwave heating at 210 W for 40 min provided a 0.589% yield. Compared to conventional extraction procedures, the results suggested that the proposed method was an effective alternative for the extraction of andrographolide. The isolated compounds were found to be the same by UV, HPTLC and (1)H-NMR studies. The isolated andrographolide was tested for in vitro antioxidant activity, and showed a potent free radical scavenging activity.
PMID: 20835957 [PubMed - in process]
Regulation of Inflammatory Gene Expression in PBMCs by Immunostimulatory Botanicals
PLoS One. 2010 Sep 3;5(9). pii: e12561.
Denzler KL, Waters R, Jacobs BL, Rochon Y, Langland JO.
Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America.
Many hundreds of botanicals are used in complementary and alternative medicine for therapeutic use as antimicrobials and immune stimulators. While there exists many centuries of anecdotal evidence and few clinical studies on the activity and efficacy of these botanicals, limited scientific evidence exists on the ability of these botanicals to modulate the immune and inflammatory responses. Using botanogenomics (or herbogenomics), this study provides novel insight into inflammatory genes which are induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following treatment with immunomodulatory botanical extracts. These results may suggest putative genes involved in the physiological responses thought to occur following administration of these botanical extracts. Using extracts from immunostimulatory herbs (Astragalus membranaceus, Sambucus cerulea, Andrographis paniculata) and an immunosuppressive herb (Urtica dioica), the data presented supports previous cytokine studies on these herbs as well as identifying additional genes which may be involved in immune cell activation and migration and various inflammatory responses, including wound healing, angiogenesis, and blood pressure modulation. Additionally, we report the presence of lipopolysaccharide in medicinally prepared extracts of these herbs which is theorized to be a natural and active component of the immunostimulatory herbal extracts. The data presented provides a more extensive picture on how these herbs may be mediating their biological effects on the immune and inflammatory responses.
PMCID: PMC2933230 Free PMC Article
PMID: 20838436 [PubMed - in process]
Denzler KL, Waters R, Jacobs BL, Rochon Y, Langland JO.
Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America.
Many hundreds of botanicals are used in complementary and alternative medicine for therapeutic use as antimicrobials and immune stimulators. While there exists many centuries of anecdotal evidence and few clinical studies on the activity and efficacy of these botanicals, limited scientific evidence exists on the ability of these botanicals to modulate the immune and inflammatory responses. Using botanogenomics (or herbogenomics), this study provides novel insight into inflammatory genes which are induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following treatment with immunomodulatory botanical extracts. These results may suggest putative genes involved in the physiological responses thought to occur following administration of these botanical extracts. Using extracts from immunostimulatory herbs (Astragalus membranaceus, Sambucus cerulea, Andrographis paniculata) and an immunosuppressive herb (Urtica dioica), the data presented supports previous cytokine studies on these herbs as well as identifying additional genes which may be involved in immune cell activation and migration and various inflammatory responses, including wound healing, angiogenesis, and blood pressure modulation. Additionally, we report the presence of lipopolysaccharide in medicinally prepared extracts of these herbs which is theorized to be a natural and active component of the immunostimulatory herbal extracts. The data presented provides a more extensive picture on how these herbs may be mediating their biological effects on the immune and inflammatory responses.
PMCID: PMC2933230 Free PMC Article
PMID: 20838436 [PubMed - in process]
Regulation of Inflammatory Gene Expression in PBMCs by Immunostimulatory Botanicals
Karen L. Denzler, Robert Waters, Bertram L. Jacobs, Yvan Rochon, and Jeffrey O. Langland
PMCID: PMC2933230
| Abstract | Full Text | PDF–1.1M |
Many hundreds of botanicals are used in complementary and alternative medicine for therapeutic use as antimicrobials and immune stimulators. While there exists many centuries of anecdotal evidence and few clinical studies on the activity and efficacy of these botanicals, limited scientific evidence exists on the ability of these botanicals to modulate the immune and inflammatory responses. Using botanogenomics (or herbogenomics), this study provides novel insight into inflammatory genes which are induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following treatment with immunomodulatory botanical extracts. These results may suggest putative genes involved in the physiological responses thought to occur following administration of these botanical extracts. Using extracts from immunostimulatory herbs (Astragalus membranaceus, Sambucus cerulea, Andrographis paniculata) and an immunosuppressive herb (Urtica dioica), the data presented supports previous cytokine studies on these herbs as well as identifying additional genes which may be involved in immune cell activation and migration and various inflammatory responses, including wound healing, angiogenesis, and blood pressure modulation. Additionally, we report the presence of lipopolysaccharide in medicinally prepared extracts of these herbs which is theorized to be a natural and active component of the immunostimulatory herbal extracts. The data presented provides a more extensive picture on how these herbs may be mediating their biological effects on the immune and inflammatory responses.
Many hundreds of botanicals are used in complementary and alternative medicine for therapeutic use as antimicrobials and immune stimulators. While there exists many centuries of anecdotal evidence and few clinical studies on the activity and efficacy of these botanicals, limited scientific evidence exists on the ability of these botanicals to modulate the immune and inflammatory responses. Using botanogenomics (or herbogenomics), this study provides novel insight into inflammatory genes which are induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following treatment with immunomodulatory botanical extracts. These results may suggest putative genes involved in the physiological responses thought to occur following administration of these botanical extracts. Using extracts from immunostimulatory herbs (Astragalus membranaceus, Sambucus cerulea, Andrographis paniculata) and an immunosuppressive herb (Urtica dioica), the data presented supports previous cytokine studies on these herbs as well as identifying additional genes which may be involved in immune cell activation and migration and various inflammatory responses, including wound healing, angiogenesis, and blood pressure modulation. Additionally, we report the presence of lipopolysaccharide in medicinally prepared extracts of these herbs which is theorized to be a natural and active component of the immunostimulatory herbal extracts. The data presented provides a more extensive picture on how these herbs may be mediating their biological effects on the immune and inflammatory responses.
Characterisation and immuno-stimulating activity of polysaccharides from Thai medicinal plants
Nat Prod Res. 2010 Sep;24(15):1403-12.
Burana-Osot J, Pattanapanyasat K, Soonthornchareonnon N, Sukapirom K, Toida T.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakorn-Pathom 73000, Thailand.
Water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated from the tubers of Butea superba Roxb. and Pueraria candollei Wall. Ex Benth. var. mirifica (Shaw et Suvat.) C. Niyomdham, the leaves of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb, Ocimum basilicum L., Psidium guajava and Andrographis paniculata (Burn. f.) Nees, the stems of Cymbopogon citratus (Stapf ExG), and the fruits of Psidium guajava and Scaphium scaphigerum. The immunological impacts of the polysaccharides on T-lymphocyte proliferation in vitro was investigated by flow cytometric (immunofluorescence) analysis using staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) as a positive control. It was found that the polysaccharides enhanced T-lymphocyte proliferation, ranging from 4.5 to 27.0% at a concentration of 100 microg mL(-1), while the activity of SEB was 13.3%. The medicinal plants showing the highest immuno-stimulating activity were the tubers of Butea superba Roxb. The water-extracted tubers contained 60.0% (w/w) carbohydrates with 6.6% (w/w) uronic acid. The major constituent monosaccharides of the tubers were 28.2 mol% galactose, 10.5 mol% arabinose and 36.4 mol% glucose.
PMID: 20812129 [PubMed - in process]
Burana-Osot J, Pattanapanyasat K, Soonthornchareonnon N, Sukapirom K, Toida T.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakorn-Pathom 73000, Thailand.
Water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated from the tubers of Butea superba Roxb. and Pueraria candollei Wall. Ex Benth. var. mirifica (Shaw et Suvat.) C. Niyomdham, the leaves of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb, Ocimum basilicum L., Psidium guajava and Andrographis paniculata (Burn. f.) Nees, the stems of Cymbopogon citratus (Stapf ExG), and the fruits of Psidium guajava and Scaphium scaphigerum. The immunological impacts of the polysaccharides on T-lymphocyte proliferation in vitro was investigated by flow cytometric (immunofluorescence) analysis using staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) as a positive control. It was found that the polysaccharides enhanced T-lymphocyte proliferation, ranging from 4.5 to 27.0% at a concentration of 100 microg mL(-1), while the activity of SEB was 13.3%. The medicinal plants showing the highest immuno-stimulating activity were the tubers of Butea superba Roxb. The water-extracted tubers contained 60.0% (w/w) carbohydrates with 6.6% (w/w) uronic acid. The major constituent monosaccharides of the tubers were 28.2 mol% galactose, 10.5 mol% arabinose and 36.4 mol% glucose.
PMID: 20812129 [PubMed - in process]
Andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide from Andrographis paniculata attenuate high glucose-induced fibrosis and apoptosis in murine renal mesangeal cell lines
J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Aug 30. [Epub ahead of print]
Lee MJ, Rao YK, Chen K, Lee YC, Chung YS, Tzeng YM.
Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taiwan, ROC.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Extracts of Andrographis paniculata Nees is used for various ethnomedical conditions including hyperglycemia and hypertension complications.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-diabetic nephropathy effect of diterpene lactones andrographolide (AP1) and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (AP2) from A. paniculata.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: MES-13, a SV40 transformed murine glomerular mesangial cell line, was cultured in high concentration of glucose to induce diabetic nephropathy phenotypes, which include secretion of extracellular matrix protein fibronectin, cytokine TGF-beta, states of oxidative stress, and apoptosis marker caspase-3.
RESULTS: Our data suggest that addition of compounds AP1 or AP2 reduce the phenotypes indicating diabetic nephropathy in MES-13 cells. The compound AP2 showed potent activity than AP1 in the reduction of apoptosis marker caspase-3, fibrosis marker TGF-beta, and PAI-1. Furthermore, AP1 and AP2 do not have antioxidant ability in acellular environment, however addition of AP1 and AP2 reduced intracellular oxidative states in high glucose cultured MES-13 cells.
CONCLUSION: This is the first report on anti-diabetic nephropathy effect of AP1 and AP2 in part due to regulation of intracellular signaling transduction, not mere clearance of reactive oxygen species. Thus, this study may useful for drug development or food supplement for diabetes and nephropathy from A. paniculata.
PMID: 20813180 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Lee MJ, Rao YK, Chen K, Lee YC, Chung YS, Tzeng YM.
Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taiwan, ROC.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Extracts of Andrographis paniculata Nees is used for various ethnomedical conditions including hyperglycemia and hypertension complications.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-diabetic nephropathy effect of diterpene lactones andrographolide (AP1) and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (AP2) from A. paniculata.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: MES-13, a SV40 transformed murine glomerular mesangial cell line, was cultured in high concentration of glucose to induce diabetic nephropathy phenotypes, which include secretion of extracellular matrix protein fibronectin, cytokine TGF-beta, states of oxidative stress, and apoptosis marker caspase-3.
RESULTS: Our data suggest that addition of compounds AP1 or AP2 reduce the phenotypes indicating diabetic nephropathy in MES-13 cells. The compound AP2 showed potent activity than AP1 in the reduction of apoptosis marker caspase-3, fibrosis marker TGF-beta, and PAI-1. Furthermore, AP1 and AP2 do not have antioxidant ability in acellular environment, however addition of AP1 and AP2 reduced intracellular oxidative states in high glucose cultured MES-13 cells.
CONCLUSION: This is the first report on anti-diabetic nephropathy effect of AP1 and AP2 in part due to regulation of intracellular signaling transduction, not mere clearance of reactive oxygen species. Thus, this study may useful for drug development or food supplement for diabetes and nephropathy from A. paniculata.
PMID: 20813180 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Study of anti-inflammatory activities of the pure compounds from Andrographis paniculata (burm.f.) Nees and their effects on gene expression
Int Immunopharmacol. 2010 Aug 19. [Epub ahead of print]
Parichatikanond W, Suthisisang C, Dhepakson P, Herunsalee A.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Sri-Ayudhya Road, Rajathavee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
In inflammation, the responses to noxious stimuli are controlled by the highly modulated interactions between various immune cells and chemical mediators. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the anti-inflammatory effect of diterpenoids isolated from Andrographis paniculata, including dehydroandrographolide (AP1), andrographolide (AP2) and neoandrographolide (AP3), on the production of inflammatory cytokines and COX activities. Furthermore, the alteration of gene expression involved in this activity was investigated in the most potent compound to elucidate the other possible molecular mechanisms. AP1 (30.1muM; 10mug/ml) and AP2 (28.5muM; 10mug/ml) markedly inhibited COX-1 in ionophore A23187-induced human platelets. AP2 (28.5muM) and AP3 (20.8muM; 10mug/ml) strongly suppressed the LPS-stimulated COX-2 activity in human blood. In addition, AP2 modulated the level of LPS-induced TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta and IL-10 secretion in human blood in a concentration-dependent manner. The results revealed that AP2 exhibited the highest efficacy. Therefore, changes in the levels of mRNA transcripts by AP2 were further measured using human cDNA microarrays. The molecular response to AP2 was complex and mediated by various processes. Among the altered gene expressions, the genes involved in immune and inflammation processes were selectively down-regulated, such as cytokines and cytokine receptors (TNFSF14, TNF, TNFRSF6, and IL1A), chemokines (CCL8 and CXCL11), JAK/STAT signaling (JAK3 and STAT5A), TLRs family (TLR4 and TLR8) and NF-kappaB (NFKB1). Expression of some genes was validated using RT-PCR. The results demonstrated that AP1, AP2 and AP3 exhibited the anti-inflammatory effect by interfering COX and inflammatory cytokines and the underlying mechanisms of AP2 may be related to down-expression of genes involved in inflammatory cascade.
PMID: 20728594 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Parichatikanond W, Suthisisang C, Dhepakson P, Herunsalee A.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Sri-Ayudhya Road, Rajathavee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
In inflammation, the responses to noxious stimuli are controlled by the highly modulated interactions between various immune cells and chemical mediators. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the anti-inflammatory effect of diterpenoids isolated from Andrographis paniculata, including dehydroandrographolide (AP1), andrographolide (AP2) and neoandrographolide (AP3), on the production of inflammatory cytokines and COX activities. Furthermore, the alteration of gene expression involved in this activity was investigated in the most potent compound to elucidate the other possible molecular mechanisms. AP1 (30.1muM; 10mug/ml) and AP2 (28.5muM; 10mug/ml) markedly inhibited COX-1 in ionophore A23187-induced human platelets. AP2 (28.5muM) and AP3 (20.8muM; 10mug/ml) strongly suppressed the LPS-stimulated COX-2 activity in human blood. In addition, AP2 modulated the level of LPS-induced TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta and IL-10 secretion in human blood in a concentration-dependent manner. The results revealed that AP2 exhibited the highest efficacy. Therefore, changes in the levels of mRNA transcripts by AP2 were further measured using human cDNA microarrays. The molecular response to AP2 was complex and mediated by various processes. Among the altered gene expressions, the genes involved in immune and inflammation processes were selectively down-regulated, such as cytokines and cytokine receptors (TNFSF14, TNF, TNFRSF6, and IL1A), chemokines (CCL8 and CXCL11), JAK/STAT signaling (JAK3 and STAT5A), TLRs family (TLR4 and TLR8) and NF-kappaB (NFKB1). Expression of some genes was validated using RT-PCR. The results demonstrated that AP1, AP2 and AP3 exhibited the anti-inflammatory effect by interfering COX and inflammatory cytokines and the underlying mechanisms of AP2 may be related to down-expression of genes involved in inflammatory cascade.
PMID: 20728594 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in lymphoma cells by the diterpenoid lactone Andrographolide, the active component of Andrographis paniculata
Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Aug 26. [Epub ahead of print]
Yang S, Evens AM, Prachand S, Singh AT, Bhalla S, David K, Gordon LI.
Medicine, Northwestern University.
PURPOSE: Andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone isolated from Andrographis paniculata, an herbal medicine used in Asia. It has anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-viral and immuno-stimulant properties. Furthermore, it has been shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in leukemia and solid tumor cell lines.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We studied the Burkitt p53 mutated Ramos cell line, the mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL) line Granta, the follicular lymphoma (FL) cell line HF-1 and the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell line SUDHL4, as well as primary cells from patients with FL, DLBCL, and MCL.
RESULTS: We found that andrographolide resulted in dose- and time-dependent cell death as measured by MTT. Andrographolide significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in all cell lines. To determine mechanism of cell death, we measured apoptosis by Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) in the presence and absence of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), the glutathione-depleting agent buthionine sulfoxamine (BSO), or caspase inhibitors. We found that apoptosis was greatly enhanced by BSO, blocked by NAC, and accompanied by PARP cleavage and activation of caspases 3, 8 and 9. We measured BAX conformational change, and mitochondrial membrane potential, and using mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) Bax/Bak double knockouts (MEFBax-/-/Bak-/-), we found that apoptosis was mediated through mitochondrial pathways, but dependent on caspases in both cell lines and in patient samples.
CONCLUSIONS: Andrographolide caused ROS-dependent apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines and in primary tumor samples, which was enhanced by depletion of GSH and inhibited by NAC or the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Further studies of diterpenoid lactones in lymphoma are warranted.
PMID: 20798229 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Yang S, Evens AM, Prachand S, Singh AT, Bhalla S, David K, Gordon LI.
Medicine, Northwestern University.
PURPOSE: Andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone isolated from Andrographis paniculata, an herbal medicine used in Asia. It has anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-viral and immuno-stimulant properties. Furthermore, it has been shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in leukemia and solid tumor cell lines.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We studied the Burkitt p53 mutated Ramos cell line, the mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL) line Granta, the follicular lymphoma (FL) cell line HF-1 and the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell line SUDHL4, as well as primary cells from patients with FL, DLBCL, and MCL.
RESULTS: We found that andrographolide resulted in dose- and time-dependent cell death as measured by MTT. Andrographolide significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in all cell lines. To determine mechanism of cell death, we measured apoptosis by Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) in the presence and absence of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), the glutathione-depleting agent buthionine sulfoxamine (BSO), or caspase inhibitors. We found that apoptosis was greatly enhanced by BSO, blocked by NAC, and accompanied by PARP cleavage and activation of caspases 3, 8 and 9. We measured BAX conformational change, and mitochondrial membrane potential, and using mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) Bax/Bak double knockouts (MEFBax-/-/Bak-/-), we found that apoptosis was mediated through mitochondrial pathways, but dependent on caspases in both cell lines and in patient samples.
CONCLUSIONS: Andrographolide caused ROS-dependent apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines and in primary tumor samples, which was enhanced by depletion of GSH and inhibited by NAC or the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Further studies of diterpenoid lactones in lymphoma are warranted.
PMID: 20798229 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of Andrographis paniculata and Orthosiphon stamineus extracts on the glucuronidation of -methylumbelliferone in human UGT isoforms
Molecules. 2010 May 14;15(5):3578-92.
Ismail S, Hanapi NA, Ab Halim MR, Uchaipichat V, Mackenzie PI.
Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang,
Malaysia. sabaris@usm.my
The effects of Andrographis paniculata and Orthosiphon stamineus
extracts on the in vitro glucuronidation of 4-methylumbelliferone
(4MU) by recombinant human UGTs, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, UGT1A7,
UGT1A8, UGT1A10, UGT2B7 and UGT2B15 were determined. The potential
inhibitory effects of both of the extracts on the activity of each of
the UGT isoforms were investigated using 4MU as the substrate.
Incubations contained UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) as the cofactor,
MgCl(2), cell lysate of respective isoform, and 4MU at the approximate
apparent K(m) or S(50) value of each isoform. Final concentrations of
Andrographis paniculata and Orthosiphon stamineus extracts used were
0.025, 0.25, 2.5, 25 and 50 microg/mL and 0.01, 0.10, 1.0, 10 and 50
microg/mL respectively. Both extracts variably inhibited the activity
of most of the isoforms in a concentration dependent manner.
Andrographis paniculata extract was the better inhibitor of all the
isoforms studied (IC(50) 1.70 microg/mL for UGT1A3, 2.57 microg/mL for
UGT1A8, 2.82 microg/mL for UGT2B7, 5.00 micorg/mL for UGT1A1, 5.66
microg/mL for UGT1A6, 9.88 microg/mL for UGT1A7 and 15.66 microg/mL
for UGT1A10). Both extracts showed less than 70% inhibition of
UGT2B15, so the IC(50) values were >50 microg/mL. The inhibition of
human UGTs by Andrographis paniculata and Orthosiphon stamineus
extracts in vitro suggests a potential for drug-herbal extract
interactions in the therapeutic setting.
PMID: 20657500 [PubMed - in process]
ED-XRF spectrometric analysis of comparative elemental composition of in vivo and in vitro roots of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees-a multi-medicinal herb
Appl Radiat Isot. 2010 Jun 25. [Epub ahead of print]
Behera PR, Nayak P, Barik DP, Rautray TR, Thirunavoukkarasu M, Chand PK.
Plant Cell and Tissue culture Facility, Post-Graduate Department of
Botany, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751004, Orissa,
India; Plant Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Minerals & Materials
Technology (CSIR), Bhubaneswar 751013, Orissa, India.
The multi-elemental composition of in vitro-proliferated root tissues
of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees was compared with
that of the naturally grown in vivo plants. Trace elements namely Cr,
Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr and Pb in addition to two
macro-elements K and Ca were identified and quantified in root tissues
of both sources using the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence
(ED-XRF) technique. ED-XRF analysis was performed using Mo K X-rays
generated from a secondary molybdenum target. The elemental content of
in vitro roots was found to be at par with that of naturally grown
plants of the same species. This opens up a possibility of exploiting
in vitro root cultures as a viable, alternative and renewable source
of phytochemicals of relevance, besides providing a means for
conservation of the valuable natural resources. Copyright © 2010
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PMID: 20637644 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
14-Deoxyandrographolide desensitizes hepatocytes to tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis through calcium-dependent tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A release via the NO/cGMP pathway
Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Aug;160(7):1823-43.
Roy DN, Mandal S, Sen G, Mukhopadhyay S, Biswas T.
Cell Biology and Physiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical
Biology, A Unit of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,
Kolkata, India.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Andrographis paniculata (AP) has been found to
display hepatoprotective effect, although the mechanism of action of
the active compounds of AP in this context still remains unclear.
Here, we evaluated the hepatoprotective efficacy of
14-deoxyandrographolide (14-DAG), a bioactive compound of AP,
particularly its role in desensitization of hepatocytes to tumour
necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced signalling of apoptosis.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TNF-alpha-mediated ligand receptor interaction
in hepatocytes in the presence of 14-DAG was studied in vitro in
primary hepatocyte cultures, with the help of co-immunoprecipitation,
confocal microscopy and FACS analysis. Events associated with
14-DAG-induced TNFRSF1A release from hepatocytes were determined using
immunoblotting, biochemical assay and fluorimetric studies.
Pulse-chase experiments with radiolabelled TNF-alpha and detection of
apoptotic nuclei by terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end
labelling were performed under in vivo conditions. KEY RESULTS 14-DAG
down-regulated the formation of death-inducing signalling complex,
resulting in desensitization of hepatocytes to TNF-alpha-induced
apoptosis. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with 14-DAG accentuated
microsomal Ca-ATPase activity through induction of NO/cGMP pathway.
This resulted in enhanced calcium influx into microsomal lumen with
the formation of TNFRSF1A-ARTS-1-NUCB2 complex in cellular vesicles.
It was followed by the release of full-length 55 kDa TNFRSF1A and a
reduction in the number of cell surface TNFRSF1A, which eventually
caused diminution of TNF-alpha signal in hepatocytes. CONCLUSION AND
IMPLICATION Taken together, the results demonstrate for the first time
that 14-DAG desensitizes hepatocytes to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis
through the release of TNFRSF1A. This can be used as a strategy
against cytokine-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis in liver dysfunctions.
PMID: 20649583 [PubMed - in process]
Use of asiatic pennywort Centella asiatica aqueous extract as a bath treatment to control columnaris in Nile tilapia
J Aquat Anim Health. 2010 Mar;22(1):14-20.
Rattanachaikunsopon P, Phumkhachorn P.
Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani
University, Warin Chamrap, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand.
rattanachaikunsopon@yahoo.com
To develop antibiotic-free and chemical-free aquaculture, it is
necessary to have natural substances to control diseases of aquatic
animals. The aim of this study was to find an herb having therapeutic
effect against columnaris, a fish disease caused by the bacterium
Flavobacterium columnare. Of all tested herbs (including kalmegh
Andrographis paniculata, candle bush Cassia alata, Asiatic pennywort
Centella asiatica, mangosteen Garcinia mangostana, pomegranate Punica
granatum, and guava Psidium guajava), the aqueous extract of Asiatic
pennywort exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity against F.
columnare; the minimal inhibitory concentration was 31.25 lg/mL. It
was also found to have a bactericidal effect on F. columnare. When
experimental bath exposures of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus to
F. columnare were performed, the median lethal dose was determined to
be 2.37 x 10(5) colony forming units/mL. For in vivo trials, six
different concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L) of Asiatic
pennywort aqueous extract were used as bath treatments to control
experimentally induced columnaris in Nile tilapia. The decrease in
fish mortality was dose dependent, and at a concentration of 100 mg/L
no mortality or adverse effects were noted in the infected fish. This
study suggests that Asiatic pennywort aqueous extract has the
potential to control disease caused by F. columnare.
PMID: 20575361 [PubMed - in process]
Biosynthesis of andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata
Phytochemistry. 2010 Jun 15. [Epub ahead of print]
Srivastava N, Akhila A.
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226 015, India.
Andrographolide, a diterpene lactone, is isolated from Andrographis
paniculata which is well known for its medicinal properties. The
biosynthetic route to andrographolide was studied using
[1-(13)C]acetate, [2-(13)C]acetate and [1,6-(13)C(2)]glucose. The peak
enrichment of eight carbon atoms in the (13)C NMR spectra of
andrographolide suggested that deoxyxylulose pathway (DXP) is the
major biosynthetic pathway to this diterpene. The contribution of the
mevalonic acid pathway (MVA) is indicated by the observed
(13)C-labeling pattern, and because the labeling patterns indicate a
simultaneous contribution of both methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP)
and MVA pathways it can be deduced that cross-talk occurs between
plastids and cytoplasm. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
PMID: 20557910 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effect of a novel antiinflammatory polyherbal preparation (Sudarshanam oil) on hematological parameters in Wistar rats
Acta Pol Pharm. 2010 May-Jun;67(3):277-81.
Patel CD, Modi VD, Chakraborty BS, Mathuria N, Dadhaniya P, Borade PA,
Morankar P.
The present investigation was an attempt to evaluate the
anti-inflammatory effect of a polyherbal preparation (Sudarshanam Oil)
on hematological parameters in Wistar rats. This polyherbal formula
contains main ingredients of Tinaspora Cordifolia, Curcuma longa,
Terminalia chebula, Emblica officinalis, Andrographis paniculata and
Terminalia belerica. The active phytochemicals such as tannins,
glycosides, flavonoids and triterpenoids are extracted from these
herbal plants. And extract was prepared in corn oil. Young adult
Wistar rats of either sex were divided into 4 groups and each group
having 6 males and 6 females were dosed for 28 days. First group was
the control group which was dosed with corn oil as vehicle (15 mL/kg
body weight). Groups II, III and IV were treated with different doses
of Sudarshanam oil, viz. as 5 mL/kg, 10 mL/kg and 15 mL/kg body weight
respectively. On 29th day, after overnight fasting, the blood samples
were collected through cardiac puncture under CO2 anaesthesia. The
blood samples were collected and transferred into prelabelled
vaccutainer coated with EDTA for hematological parameters
investigation by using Advia-120 hematology analyser. The results
revealed that no treatment related adverse effects in any of the
hematological parameters. Thus, Sudarshanam oil proves to be highly
potent, novel anti-inflammatory preparation which can be a challenge
against allopathic anti-inflammatory drug.
PMID: 20524430 [PubMed - in process]
Induction of Heme Oxygenase 1 and Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Induced Intercellular Adhesion Molecule Expression by Andrographolide in EA.hy926 Cells
J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Jun 10. [Epub ahead of print]
Yu AL, Lu CY, Wang TS, Tsai CW, Liu KL, Cheng YP, Chang HC, Lii CK, Chen HW.
Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Andrographolide is the most abundant diterpene lactone in Andrographis
paniculata, which is widely used as a traditional medicine in
Southeast Asia. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is an antioxidant enzyme
encoded by a stress-responsive gene. HO-1 has been reported to inhibit
the expression of adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial cells
(EC). Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) is an inflammatory
biomarker that is involved in the adhesion of monocytes to EC. In this
study, we investigated the effect of andrographolide on the expression
of ICAM-1 induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in
EA.hy926 cells and the possible mechanisms involved. Andrographolide
(2.5-7.5 muM) inhibited the TNF-alpha-induced expression of ICAM-1 in
a dose-dependent manner and resulted in a decrease in HL-60 cell
adhesion to EA.hy926 cells (p < 0.05). In parallel, andrographolide
significantly induced the expression of HO-1 in a
concentration-dependent fashion (p < 0.05). Andrographolide increased
the rate of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid
2-related 2 (Nrf2) and induced antioxidant response element-luciferase
reporter activity. Transfection with HO-1-specific small interfering
RNA knocked down HO-1 expression, and the inhibition of expression of
ICAM-1 by andrographolide was significantly reversed. These results
suggest that stimulation of Nrf2-dependent HO-1 expression is involved
in the suppression of TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 expression exerted by
andrographolide.
PMID: 20536138 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Andrographolide Exhibits Anti-Invasive Activity against Colon Cancer Cells via Inhibition of MMP2 Activity
Planta Med. 2010 Jun 10. [Epub ahead of print]
Chao HP, Kuo CD, Chiu JH, Fu SL.
Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University,
Taipei, Taiwan.
Andrographolide, a major constituent of ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA, was
previously shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and
anticancer activities. The anticancer activity of andrographolide
includes growth suppression, apoptosis promotion, antiangiogenesis,
and antitransformation. However, the effect of andrographolide on
cancer metastasis, the most malignant feature of cancer, has not been
elucidated extensively. In the present study, we demonstrated that
andrographolide at nontoxic to subtoxic concentrations (0.3-3 microM)
suppressed the invasion ability of CT26 cells in Matrigel-based
invasion assays. In addition, the expression of cell adhesion
regulators ( beta-catenin and ILK) was not altered by andrographolide
treatment. However, andrographolide indeed inhibited matrix
metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) activity without affecting its expression.
Furthermore, the activation of ERK, but not Akt, was attenuated by
andrographolide treatment. Notably, a similar inhibitory effect of
andrographolide on the invasion and MMP2 activity of the human colon
cancer cell line HT29 was also observed. In summary, our results
indicate that andrographolide exhibits anti-invasive activity against
colon cancer cells via inhibition of MMP2 activity. © Georg Thieme
Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
PMID: 20539971 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Anticancer activity of andrographolide semisynthetic derivatives
Nat Prod Commun. 2010 May;5(5):717-20.
Menon V, Bhat S.
Laboratory for Advanced Research in Natural and Synthetic Chemistry,
V. G. Vaze College, Mumbai University, Mithagar road, Mulund (East),
Mumbai 400 081, India.
Andrographolide 1, a diterpene lactone of Andrographis paniculata,
displays in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity against breast cancer
models and mouse myeloid leukemia (M1) cells. In the present study, we
report the semi-synthesis of andrographolide derivatives and their in
vitro activity against A549 (ATCC) (NSCL cancer) cell line. Amongst
the derivatives tested, compounds 3-5 displayed maximum activity, with
IC50 values of 22-31 microg/mL.
PMID: 20521534 [PubMed - in process]
Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Andrographis paniculata
Indian J Pharm Sci. 2009 Jul;71(4):436-8.
Mishra US, Mishra A, Kumari R, Murthy PN, Naik BS.
Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Berhampur, Ganjam-760 002, India.
In the present study the ethanol extract of the aerial part of Andrographis paniculata was prepared and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against eleven bacterial strains by determining minimum inhibitory concentration and zone of inhibition. Minimum inhibitory concentration values were compared with control and zone of inhibition values were compared with standard ciprofloxacin in concentration 100 and 200 mug/ml. The results revealed that, the ethanol extract is potent in inhibiting bacterial growth of both Gram-negative and Gram positive bacteria.
PMID: 20502551 [PubMed - in process]
Mishra US, Mishra A, Kumari R, Murthy PN, Naik BS.
Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Berhampur, Ganjam-760 002, India.
In the present study the ethanol extract of the aerial part of Andrographis paniculata was prepared and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against eleven bacterial strains by determining minimum inhibitory concentration and zone of inhibition. Minimum inhibitory concentration values were compared with control and zone of inhibition values were compared with standard ciprofloxacin in concentration 100 and 200 mug/ml. The results revealed that, the ethanol extract is potent in inhibiting bacterial growth of both Gram-negative and Gram positive bacteria.
PMID: 20502551 [PubMed - in process]
Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Andrographis paniculata
Indian J Pharm Sci. 2009 Jul–Aug; 71(4): 436–438.
doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.57294.
PMCID: PMC2865817
U. S. Mishra,* A. Mishra, R. Kumari, P. N. Murthy, and B. S. Naik
Abstract
In the present study the ethanol extract of the aerial part of Andrographis paniculata was prepared and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against eleven bacterial strains by determining minimum inhibitory concentration and zone of inhibition. Minimum inhibitory concentration values were compared with control and zone of inhibition values were compared with standard ciprofloxacin in concentration 100 and 200 µg/ml. The results revealed that, the ethanol extract is potent in inhibiting bacterial growth of both Gram-negative and Gram positive bacteria.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Andrographis paniculata
doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.57294.
PMCID: PMC2865817
U. S. Mishra,* A. Mishra, R. Kumari, P. N. Murthy, and B. S. Naik
Abstract
In the present study the ethanol extract of the aerial part of Andrographis paniculata was prepared and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against eleven bacterial strains by determining minimum inhibitory concentration and zone of inhibition. Minimum inhibitory concentration values were compared with control and zone of inhibition values were compared with standard ciprofloxacin in concentration 100 and 200 µg/ml. The results revealed that, the ethanol extract is potent in inhibiting bacterial growth of both Gram-negative and Gram positive bacteria.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Andrographis paniculata
Renoprotective effects of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees in rats
Ups J Med Sci. 2009 September; 114(3): 136–139.
Published online 2009 September 7. doi: 10.1080/03009730903174321.
PMCID: PMC2852765
Pratibha Singh, Man Mohan Srivastava, and Lakhu Dev Khemani
Abstract
Background
Renal failure is an increasingly common condition with limited treatment options that is causing a major financial and emotional burden on the community. Andrographis paniculata is the plant used in Ayurveda for several remedies. Scientific evidence suggests its versatile biological functions that support its traditional use in the Orient. The plant is claimed to possess immunological, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and hepatoprotective properties. But, to date, there is no study demonstrating the protective effect of A. paniculata on gentamicin-induced renal failure. The present study aims to highlight the first ever reported, antirenal failure activity of A. paniculata.
Methods
Male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: normal control, gentamicin control, and aqueous extract of A. paniculata (200 mg/kg, per oral (p.o.))-treated. The nephrotoxic model was induced by gentamicin (80 mg/kg, intraperitoeal (i.p.)). Blood samples were examined for serum creatinine, serum urea, and blood urea nitrogen after the 10 days of treatment.
Results
A gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic animal model was successfully prepared. Aqueous extract of A. paniculata attenuated the gentamicin-induced increase in serum creatinine, serum urea, and blood urea nitrogen levels by 176.92%, 106.27%, and 202.90%, respectively.
Conclusion
The present study reports that the aqueous extract (whole plant) of A. paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees exhibits a significant renoprotective effect in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar albino rats.
Keywords: Albino rats, andrographis, aqueous extract, ayurveda, blood urea nitrogen, nephrotoxic, renal failure, serum creatinine, serum urea, wistar rats
Published online 2009 September 7. doi: 10.1080/03009730903174321.
PMCID: PMC2852765
Pratibha Singh, Man Mohan Srivastava, and Lakhu Dev Khemani
Abstract
Background
Renal failure is an increasingly common condition with limited treatment options that is causing a major financial and emotional burden on the community. Andrographis paniculata is the plant used in Ayurveda for several remedies. Scientific evidence suggests its versatile biological functions that support its traditional use in the Orient. The plant is claimed to possess immunological, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and hepatoprotective properties. But, to date, there is no study demonstrating the protective effect of A. paniculata on gentamicin-induced renal failure. The present study aims to highlight the first ever reported, antirenal failure activity of A. paniculata.
Methods
Male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: normal control, gentamicin control, and aqueous extract of A. paniculata (200 mg/kg, per oral (p.o.))-treated. The nephrotoxic model was induced by gentamicin (80 mg/kg, intraperitoeal (i.p.)). Blood samples were examined for serum creatinine, serum urea, and blood urea nitrogen after the 10 days of treatment.
Results
A gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic animal model was successfully prepared. Aqueous extract of A. paniculata attenuated the gentamicin-induced increase in serum creatinine, serum urea, and blood urea nitrogen levels by 176.92%, 106.27%, and 202.90%, respectively.
Conclusion
The present study reports that the aqueous extract (whole plant) of A. paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees exhibits a significant renoprotective effect in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar albino rats.
Keywords: Albino rats, andrographis, aqueous extract, ayurveda, blood urea nitrogen, nephrotoxic, renal failure, serum creatinine, serum urea, wistar rats
Evaluation of repellent properties of botanical extracts against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae)
Parasitol Res. 2010 May 18. [Epub ahead of print]
Elango G, Rahuman AA, Zahir AA, Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Rajakumar G,
Jayaseelan C, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S.
Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate
and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College,
Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
In recent times, there were considerable efforts made to promote the
use of environmentally friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides
and repellents, particularly from botanical sources. The present study
explored the effects of crude leaf ethyl acetate, acetone, and
methanol extracts of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa ex Roxb, Andrographis
lineata Wallich ex Nees., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wallich ex
Nees., Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, Eclipta prostrata L., and Tagetes
erecta L. on repellent activity against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles.
The maximum repellent activity was observed at 500 ppm in methanol
extracts of A. marmelos, ethyl acetate extracts of A. lineata, C.
hirsutus, and E. prostrata and the mean complete protection time
ranged from 120 to 150 min with the different extracts tested. The
ethyl acetate extract of A. lineata showed 100% repellency in 120 min;
acetone extracts of A. marmelos and C. hirsutus and methanol extract
of T. erecta showed complete protection in 90 min at 250 ppm,
respectively. These results suggest that the leaf extracts of A.
marmelos, A. lineata, and C. hirsutus have the potential to be used as
an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the C.
tritaeniorhynchus. Therefore, this study provides first report on the
repellent activity against Japanese encephalitis, C. tritaeniorhynchus
of plant extracts from Southern India.
PMID: 20480375 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds in Andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian)
Chin Med. 2010 May 13;5(1):17. [Epub ahead of print]
Chao WW, Lin BF.
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (Acanthaceae) is a
medicinal plant used in many countries. Its major constituents are
diterpenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols. Among the single compounds
extracted from A. paniculata, andrographolide is the major one in
terms of bioactive properties and abundance. Among the andrographolide
analogues, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide is
immunostimulatory, anti-infective and anti-atherosclerotic;
neoandrographolide is anti-inflammatory, anti-infective and
anti-hepatotoxic; 14-deoxyandrographolide is immunomodulatory and
anti-atherosclerotic. Among the less abundant compounds from A.
paniculata, andrograpanin is both anti-inflammatory and
anti-infective; 14-deoxy-14,15-dehydroandrographolide is
anti-inflammatory; isoandrographolide,
3,19-isopropylideneandrographolide and 14-acetylandrographolide are
tumor suppressive; arabinogalactan proteins are anti-hepatotoxic. The
four flavonoids from A. paniculata, namely 7-O-methylwogonin,
apigenin, onysilin and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid are
anti-atherosclerotic.
PMID: 20465823 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of andrographolide on sexual functions, vascular reactivity and serum testosterone level in rodents
Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Apr 29. [Epub ahead of print]
Sattayasai J, Srisuwan S, Arkaravichien T, Aromdee C.
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University,
Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Abstract
In this study, effects of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata
on sexual functions, vascular reactivity and serum testosterone level
in experimental animals were observed. The suspension of
andrographolide in 5% DMSO was administered orally at the dose of 50
mg/kg to male ICR mice. The female mice involved in mating were made
receptive by hormonal treatment. The mating behaviors, mounting
latency and mounting frequency, were determined and compared with the
standard reference drug sildenafil citrate. Administration of
andrographolide significantly increased the mounting latency at 120
and 180 min and mounting frequency at 180 min after treatment. In
endothelium-intact rat aortic strips, norepineprine-induced
contraction was reduced by preincubation with andrographolide.
Administration of 50 mg/kg andrographolide orally to male mice once
daily for 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks had no significant effects on sperm
morphology and motility. Interestingly, at week 4, serum testosterone
level in mice treated with andrographolide was significantly increased
when compared to the control. Thus, the effects of andrographolide on
vascular response to norepinephrine and testosterone level observed in
this study might be contributed to the sexual enhancing properties
observed. Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
PMID: 20435079 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Neoandrographolide from Andrographis paniculata as a Potential Natural Chemosensitizer
Planta Med. 2010 May 5. [Epub ahead of print]
Pfisterer PH, Rollinger JM, Schyschka L, Rudy A, Vollmar AM, Stuppner H.
Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences
Innsbruck, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck,
Austria.
Abstract
Extracts of the traditional medicinal herb ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA and
its main constituents are described in the literature as showing
anticancer activity. The aim of this study was to isolate the main
constituents of a commercially available phytotherapeutic preparation
of A. PANICULATA and to determine their chemosensitizing potential in
a leukemia cell line. Chromatographic separation steps resulted in the
isolation of the diterpenes andrographolide ( 1) and
14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide ( 3) and the diterpene
glucoside neoandrographolide ( 2). The combination of these
constituents with suboptimal concentrations of etoposide revealed
compound 2 as chemosensitizer in S-Jurkat and X chromosome-linked
inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)-overexpressing Jurkat cells, a
model for chemoresistance. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New
York.
PMID: 20446243 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Studies on effects of indigenous plant extracts on filarial vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles
Parasitol Res. 2010 Apr 7. [Epub ahead of print]
Elango G, Rahuman AA, Kamaraj C, Zahir AA, Bagavan A.
Unit of Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research
Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509,
Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Mosquito control is facing a threat because of the emergence of
resistance to synthetic insecticides. Insecticides of botanical origin
may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future.
The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of leaf
ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of Aegle marmelos (L.)
Correa ex Roxb (Rutaceae), Andrographis lineata Wallich ex Nees.
(Acanthaceae), Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees.
(Acanthaceae), Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels (Menispermaceae), Eclipta
prostrata L. (Asteraceae) and Tagetes erecta L. (Compositae) on
ovicidal and oviposition-deterrent activities against Culex
tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). The percentage of egg
hatching in methanol extracts of Andrographis lineata, Cocculus
hirsutus and T. erecta were 16, 12 and 16 exerted at 500 ppm,
respectively. The percentage of effective oviposition repellency was
97.77 at 500 ppm and the lowest repellency was 42.06 at 31.25 ppm in
methanol and acetone extracts of Andrographis lineata and Andrographis
paniculata, respectively. The oviposition activity index values
revealed that the solvent plant extracts have deterrent effect, and
they caused a remarkable negative response resulting in oviposition of
very few eggs. These results suggest that the leaf solvent plant
extracts have the potential to be used as an ideal ecofriendly
approach for the control of the Culex tritaeniorhynchus.
PMID: 20372924 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Enhancing bioavailability and hepatoprotective activity of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata, a well-known medicinal food, through its herbosome
J Sci Food Agric. 2010 Jan 15;90(1):43-51.
Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Murugan V, Saha BP, Mukherjee PK.
School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India.
BACKGROUND: Andrographis paniculata is a health food used extensively in Southeast Asia, India and China and contains the pharmacologically important phytochemical andrographolide. Although andrographolide has antihepatotoxic activity, its bioavailability from A. paniculata is restricted by its rapid clearance and high plasma protein binding. The aim of this study was to formulate a herbosome of andrographolide with a naturally occurring phospholipid in order to enhance the bioavailability and hepatoprotective activity of andrographolide in rats.RESULTS: Andrographolide herbosome equivalent to 25 and 50 mg kg(-1) andrographolide significantly protected the liver of rats, restoring hepatic enzyme activities with respect to carbon tetrachloride-treated animals (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). The rat plasma concentration of andrographolide obtained from the complex equivalent to 25 mg kg(-1) andrographolide (C(max) = 9.64 microg mL(-1)) was higher than that obtained from 25 mg kg(-1) andrographolide (C(max) = 6.79 microg mL(-1)), and the complex maintained its effective plasma concentration for a longer period of time.CONCLUSION: The results proved that the andrographolide complex produced by this method has better bioavailability and hence improved hepatoprotective activity compared with andrographolide at the same dose. Andrographolide complexation is therefore helpful in solving the problem of rapid clearance and low elimination half-life associated with andrographolide from A. paniculata. Copyright (c) 2009 Society of Chemical Industry.
PMID: 20355010 [PubMed - in process]
Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Murugan V, Saha BP, Mukherjee PK.
School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India.
BACKGROUND: Andrographis paniculata is a health food used extensively in Southeast Asia, India and China and contains the pharmacologically important phytochemical andrographolide. Although andrographolide has antihepatotoxic activity, its bioavailability from A. paniculata is restricted by its rapid clearance and high plasma protein binding. The aim of this study was to formulate a herbosome of andrographolide with a naturally occurring phospholipid in order to enhance the bioavailability and hepatoprotective activity of andrographolide in rats.RESULTS: Andrographolide herbosome equivalent to 25 and 50 mg kg(-1) andrographolide significantly protected the liver of rats, restoring hepatic enzyme activities with respect to carbon tetrachloride-treated animals (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). The rat plasma concentration of andrographolide obtained from the complex equivalent to 25 mg kg(-1) andrographolide (C(max) = 9.64 microg mL(-1)) was higher than that obtained from 25 mg kg(-1) andrographolide (C(max) = 6.79 microg mL(-1)), and the complex maintained its effective plasma concentration for a longer period of time.CONCLUSION: The results proved that the andrographolide complex produced by this method has better bioavailability and hence improved hepatoprotective activity compared with andrographolide at the same dose. Andrographolide complexation is therefore helpful in solving the problem of rapid clearance and low elimination half-life associated with andrographolide from A. paniculata. Copyright (c) 2009 Society of Chemical Industry.
PMID: 20355010 [PubMed - in process]
Ancient medical practices on livestock still prove effective
Diseases affecting farm animals such as sheep are seasonal, endemic, and lead to severe economic loss, especially when say 10 to 40 animals die in a herd.
"Often poor management practices lead to such casualties. In many cases immediate veterinary attention may not be possible, as some villages are quite remote and contacting a local doctor from a nearby town takes time," says Mr. P. Vivekanandan, Executive Director, Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Voluntary Action (SEVA), Madurai.
Pilot study
Seva undertook a pilot study at Nallampalayam village, Erode district (1,028 sheep from 40 farmers), and the other at Vembur, Tuticorin district (1,357 sheep from 32 farmers), to test the effectiveness of ancient traditional management practices being practiced by sheep farmers in olden times.
These two places are famous for sheep husbandry and well known breeding tracts of two prominent sheep breeds — Meicherry and Vembur.
Every month farmers from the two areas under supervision from seva staff administered a mixture of several herbs (called masala bolus) and a herbal dewormer alternatively (first month masala bolus and next month herbal dewormer) for nearly six months to their animals.
At the end of the project more than 90 per cent of sheep farmers expressed satisfaction on their animals' health, compared to previous years' causalities, due to diseases such as Blue tongue and Foot and mouth disease.
Explaining the procedure for making the bolus Mr. Vivekanandan says:
The masala bolus, the size of big amla fruit, weighs about 20 gm and is made from (all Tamil names and Botanical names are italicized): Kandankathri (Solanum surattense), Thumbai (Leucas aspera), Kuppaimeni (Acalypha indica), Veeli leaves (Cadaba farinosa), Peruthumbai (Leucas martinicensis), Usilai (Albizia amara), Thulasi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), Avarampoo (Cassia auriculata), Moongil (Bambusa arundinacia), Puliampirandai (Vitis setosa), Thuthi (Abutilon indicum), Musumusukkai (Mukia maderaspatana), Kolunchi (Tephrosia purpurea), Manjanathi (Marinda tinctoria), Veliparuthi (Pergularia daemia), Nilavembu (Andrographis paniculata), Virali (Dodonaea viscosa)and Mavilangam (Crateva adansonii). (50 grams each of the above materials are taken, shade dried, pounded well and stored).
Addition
In addition, Thippili (Piper longum), Seeragam (Cuminum cyminum), Sombu (Foeniculum vulgare), Perungayam (Ferula asafoetida), Valmilagu (Piper cubeba), Sukku (Zingiber officinale – dried), Pepper (Piper nigrum), Chillis (capsicum annuum), Kasakasa (Papaver somniferum), Lavangam (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum), Omam (Trachyspermum ammi), Seeds of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) (10 grams each and pounded well).
Banana (Musa paradisica) one infloresence, unripe Kaleathi fruits (Ficus tinctoria), Guava bark (Psidium guajava), Sotru katralai (Aloe vera), Garlic (Allium sativum) and Kollankovaikilangu (Corollacarpus epigaeus) 100 grams each, Pirandai (Cissus quadrangularis) 500 grams, Onion (Allium cepa) 250 grams, Coconut (Cocos nucifera) one, are also used.
Shelf life
All the above mentioned materials are ground, mixed well, and made into boluses (weighing 100 grams) and dusted with turmeric powder. It is ideal to administer the bolus twice daily for three days in the morning and evening. (The shelf life is for three days).
"Before administering the bolus, a venous puncture is made with the help of sterile needle in the dark green vein visible on the ventral side of the tongue.
"Later using common salt and tamarind fruit (Tamarindus indica), rub the upper surface of the tongue. [This can be practised with the help of expert healer]," explains Mr. Vivekanandan.
"We recorded positive results in cows and an increase in milk yield (upto 3 litres a day) in Umbalachery cattle in Madurai, Thoothukkudi, and Nagapattinam districts," he says.
So far, more than 12,000 animals (both sheep and cattle) have been administered the masala bolus.
"This traditional practice existed many centuries ago, is cheaper than chemical treatment and many livestock keepers developed the skill of preparing and administering it," says Mr. Vivekanandan.
For more information contact Mr. P.Vivekanandan, at e-mail: vivekseva@gmail.com Phone: 0452 - 238 09 43 and 238 00 82 (off) and 0452- 238 36 19 (r).
Source: The Hindu
http://beta.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/article323802.ece
"Often poor management practices lead to such casualties. In many cases immediate veterinary attention may not be possible, as some villages are quite remote and contacting a local doctor from a nearby town takes time," says Mr. P. Vivekanandan, Executive Director, Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Voluntary Action (SEVA), Madurai.
Pilot study
Seva undertook a pilot study at Nallampalayam village, Erode district (1,028 sheep from 40 farmers), and the other at Vembur, Tuticorin district (1,357 sheep from 32 farmers), to test the effectiveness of ancient traditional management practices being practiced by sheep farmers in olden times.
These two places are famous for sheep husbandry and well known breeding tracts of two prominent sheep breeds — Meicherry and Vembur.
Every month farmers from the two areas under supervision from seva staff administered a mixture of several herbs (called masala bolus) and a herbal dewormer alternatively (first month masala bolus and next month herbal dewormer) for nearly six months to their animals.
At the end of the project more than 90 per cent of sheep farmers expressed satisfaction on their animals' health, compared to previous years' causalities, due to diseases such as Blue tongue and Foot and mouth disease.
Explaining the procedure for making the bolus Mr. Vivekanandan says:
The masala bolus, the size of big amla fruit, weighs about 20 gm and is made from (all Tamil names and Botanical names are italicized): Kandankathri (Solanum surattense), Thumbai (Leucas aspera), Kuppaimeni (Acalypha indica), Veeli leaves (Cadaba farinosa), Peruthumbai (Leucas martinicensis), Usilai (Albizia amara), Thulasi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), Avarampoo (Cassia auriculata), Moongil (Bambusa arundinacia), Puliampirandai (Vitis setosa), Thuthi (Abutilon indicum), Musumusukkai (Mukia maderaspatana), Kolunchi (Tephrosia purpurea), Manjanathi (Marinda tinctoria), Veliparuthi (Pergularia daemia), Nilavembu (Andrographis paniculata), Virali (Dodonaea viscosa)and Mavilangam (Crateva adansonii). (50 grams each of the above materials are taken, shade dried, pounded well and stored).
Addition
In addition, Thippili (Piper longum), Seeragam (Cuminum cyminum), Sombu (Foeniculum vulgare), Perungayam (Ferula asafoetida), Valmilagu (Piper cubeba), Sukku (Zingiber officinale – dried), Pepper (Piper nigrum), Chillis (capsicum annuum), Kasakasa (Papaver somniferum), Lavangam (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum), Omam (Trachyspermum ammi), Seeds of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) (10 grams each and pounded well).
Banana (Musa paradisica) one infloresence, unripe Kaleathi fruits (Ficus tinctoria), Guava bark (Psidium guajava), Sotru katralai (Aloe vera), Garlic (Allium sativum) and Kollankovaikilangu (Corollacarpus epigaeus) 100 grams each, Pirandai (Cissus quadrangularis) 500 grams, Onion (Allium cepa) 250 grams, Coconut (Cocos nucifera) one, are also used.
Shelf life
All the above mentioned materials are ground, mixed well, and made into boluses (weighing 100 grams) and dusted with turmeric powder. It is ideal to administer the bolus twice daily for three days in the morning and evening. (The shelf life is for three days).
"Before administering the bolus, a venous puncture is made with the help of sterile needle in the dark green vein visible on the ventral side of the tongue.
"Later using common salt and tamarind fruit (Tamarindus indica), rub the upper surface of the tongue. [This can be practised with the help of expert healer]," explains Mr. Vivekanandan.
"We recorded positive results in cows and an increase in milk yield (upto 3 litres a day) in Umbalachery cattle in Madurai, Thoothukkudi, and Nagapattinam districts," he says.
So far, more than 12,000 animals (both sheep and cattle) have been administered the masala bolus.
"This traditional practice existed many centuries ago, is cheaper than chemical treatment and many livestock keepers developed the skill of preparing and administering it," says Mr. Vivekanandan.
For more information contact Mr. P.Vivekanandan, at e-mail: vivekseva@gmail.com Phone: 0452 - 238 09 43 and 238 00 82 (off) and 0452- 238 36 19 (r).
Source: The Hindu
http://beta.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/article323802.ece
Effect of an extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves on inflammatory and allergic mediators in vitro
J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Mar 19. [Epub ahead of print]
Chandrasekaran CV, Gupta A, Agarwal A.
Department of Cellular Assay, R & D centre, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India.
AIM OF STUDY: Andrographis paniculata has been known to possess widespread traditional application in the treatment of allergy and inflammatory diseases. In the current study, we sought to examine the effects of an extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves on inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced [nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), interleukin-1beta (IL-1 beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and calcimycin (A23187) induced [leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) and histamine] mediators in diverse cell based models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Effect of an extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves (AP) was studied on inhibition of LPS induced NO, PGE(2), IL-1 beta and IL-6 in J774A.1 murine macrophages; A23187 induced LTB(4) and TXB(2) in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemic cells and histamine in RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: AP illustrated significant alleviation of pro-inflammatory, inflammatory, and allergic mediators. However, no inhibition was observed against histamine release. This outcome has been summed up to deduce that AP is fairly potent in attenuating the inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory (NO, IL-1 beta and IL-6), inflammatory (PGE(2) and TXB(2)) and allergic (LTB(4)) mediators. Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
MID: 20307638 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chandrasekaran CV, Gupta A, Agarwal A.
Department of Cellular Assay, R & D centre, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India.
AIM OF STUDY: Andrographis paniculata has been known to possess widespread traditional application in the treatment of allergy and inflammatory diseases. In the current study, we sought to examine the effects of an extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves on inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced [nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), interleukin-1beta (IL-1 beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and calcimycin (A23187) induced [leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) and histamine] mediators in diverse cell based models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Effect of an extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves (AP) was studied on inhibition of LPS induced NO, PGE(2), IL-1 beta and IL-6 in J774A.1 murine macrophages; A23187 induced LTB(4) and TXB(2) in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemic cells and histamine in RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: AP illustrated significant alleviation of pro-inflammatory, inflammatory, and allergic mediators. However, no inhibition was observed against histamine release. This outcome has been summed up to deduce that AP is fairly potent in attenuating the inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory (NO, IL-1 beta and IL-6), inflammatory (PGE(2) and TXB(2)) and allergic (LTB(4)) mediators. Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
MID: 20307638 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A new diterpene from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata Nees
Fitoterapia. 2010 Mar 12. [Epub ahead of print]
Xu C, Chou GX, Wang ZT.
The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China.
Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Andrographis paniculata yielded one novel diterpene (13R, 14R) 3, 13, 14, 19-tetrahydroxy-ent-labda-8 (17), 11-dien-16, 15-olide 1 which has an uncommon cis-diol groups in the lactone moiety, and 3, 19-isopropylidene-14-deoxy-ent-labda-8 (17), 13-dien-16, 15-olide 2, probably an artifact diterpene, together with eight known diterpenoids 3-10. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectral methods. The structure and stereochemistry of 1 was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analyses. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PMID: 20230876 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Andrographolide regulates epidermal growth factor receptor and transferrin receptor trafficking in epidermoid carcinoma (A-431) cells
Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Mar 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Tan Y, Chiow KH, Huang D, Wong SH.
Tan Y, Chiow KH, Huang D, Wong SH.
Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking and Immunoregulation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
Background and purpose: Andrographolide is the active component of Andrographis paniculata, a plant used in both Indian and Chinese traditional medicine, and it has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in different cancer cell lines. However, not much is known about how it may affect the key receptors implicated in cancer. Knowledge of how andrographolide affects receptor trafficking will allow us to better understand new mechanisms by which andrographolide may cause death in cancer cells. Experimental approach: We utilized the well-characterized epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transferrin receptor (TfR) expressed in epidermoid carcinoma (A-431) cells as a model to study the effect of andrographolide on receptor trafficking. Receptor distribution, the total number of receptors and surface receptors were analysed by immunofluorescence, Western blot as well as flow-cytometry respectively. Key results: Andrographolide treatment inhibited cell growth, down-regulated EGFRs on the cell surface and affected the degradation of EGFRs and TfRs. The EGFR was internalized into the cell at an increased rate, and accumulated in a compartment that co-localizes with the lysosomal-associated membrane protein in the late endosomes. Conclusion and implications: This study sheds light on how andrographolide may affect receptor trafficking by inhibiting receptor movement from the late endosomes to lysosomes. The down-regulation of EGFR from the cell surface also indicates a new mechanism by which andrographolide may induce cancer cell death.
PMID: 20233216 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Flavones from the stem of Andrographis paniculata Nees.
Nat Prod Commun. 2010 Jan;5(1):59-60.
Radhika P, Prasad YR, Lakshmi KR.
Department of Biochemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India. parvataneni_radhika@yahoo.com
Chemical investigation of Andrographis paniculata Nees (Acanthaceae) resulted in the isolation of three flavones identified as 5-hydroxy-7,8,2'-trimethoxyflavone 1, 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone 2 and 5-hydroxy-7,8,2',5'-tetramethoxyflavone 3 from the hexane, methanol and chloroform extracts of the root and stem.
PMID: 20184022 [PubMed - in process]
Radhika P, Prasad YR, Lakshmi KR.
Department of Biochemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India. parvataneni_radhika@yahoo.com
Chemical investigation of Andrographis paniculata Nees (Acanthaceae) resulted in the isolation of three flavones identified as 5-hydroxy-7,8,2'-trimethoxyflavone 1, 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone 2 and 5-hydroxy-7,8,2',5'-tetramethoxyflavone 3 from the hexane, methanol and chloroform extracts of the root and stem.
PMID: 20184022 [PubMed - in process]
Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used by Saperas community of Khetawas, Jhajjar District, Haryana, India
Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2010; 6: 4.
Published online 2010 January 28. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-6-4.
Manju Panghal,#1 Vedpriya Arya,#1 Sanjay Yadav,#1 Sunil Kumar,#2 and Jaya Parkash Yadavcorresponding author#1
1Department of Genetics, M.D. University Rohtak, Haryana, India
2Department of Environment Science, M.D. University Rohtak, Haryana, India
corresponding authorCorresponding author.
#Contributed equally.
Abstract
Background
Plants have traditionally been used as a source of medicine in India by indigenous people of different ethnic groups inhabiting various terrains for the control of various ailments afflicting human and their domestic animals. The indigenous community of snake charmers belongs to the 'Nath' community in India have played important role of healers in treating snake bite victims. Snake charmers also sell herbal remedies for common ailments. In the present paper an attempt has been made to document on ethno botanical survey and traditional medicines used by snake charmers of village Khetawas located in district Jhajjar of Haryana, India as the little work has been made in the past to document the knowledge from this community.
Methods
Ethno botanical data and traditional uses of plants information was obtained by semi structured oral interviews from experienced rural folk, traditional herbal medicine practitioners of the 'Nath' community. A total of 42 selected inhabitants were interviewed, 41 were male and only one woman. The age of the healers was between 25 years and 75 years. The plant specimens were identified according to different references concerning the medicinal plants of Haryana and adjoining areas and further confirmation from Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.
Results
The present study revealed that the people of the snake charmer community used 57 medicinal plants species that belonged to 51 genera and 35 families for the treatment of various diseases. The study has brought to light that the main diseases treated by this community was snakebite in which 19 different types of medicinal plants belongs to 13 families were used. Significantly higher number of medicinal plants was claimed by men as compared to women. The highest numbers of medicinal plants for traditional uses utilized by this community were belonging to family Fabaceae.
Conclusion
This community carries a vast knowledge of medicinal plants but as snake charming is banned in India as part of efforts to protect India's steadily depleting wildlife, this knowledge is also rapidly disappearing in this community. Such type of ethno botanical studies will help in systematic documentation of ethno botanical knowledge and availing to the scientific world plant therapies used as antivenin by the Saperas community.
Published online 2010 January 28. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-6-4.
Manju Panghal,#1 Vedpriya Arya,#1 Sanjay Yadav,#1 Sunil Kumar,#2 and Jaya Parkash Yadavcorresponding author#1
1Department of Genetics, M.D. University Rohtak, Haryana, India
2Department of Environment Science, M.D. University Rohtak, Haryana, India
corresponding authorCorresponding author.
#Contributed equally.
Abstract
Background
Plants have traditionally been used as a source of medicine in India by indigenous people of different ethnic groups inhabiting various terrains for the control of various ailments afflicting human and their domestic animals. The indigenous community of snake charmers belongs to the 'Nath' community in India have played important role of healers in treating snake bite victims. Snake charmers also sell herbal remedies for common ailments. In the present paper an attempt has been made to document on ethno botanical survey and traditional medicines used by snake charmers of village Khetawas located in district Jhajjar of Haryana, India as the little work has been made in the past to document the knowledge from this community.
Methods
Ethno botanical data and traditional uses of plants information was obtained by semi structured oral interviews from experienced rural folk, traditional herbal medicine practitioners of the 'Nath' community. A total of 42 selected inhabitants were interviewed, 41 were male and only one woman. The age of the healers was between 25 years and 75 years. The plant specimens were identified according to different references concerning the medicinal plants of Haryana and adjoining areas and further confirmation from Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.
Results
The present study revealed that the people of the snake charmer community used 57 medicinal plants species that belonged to 51 genera and 35 families for the treatment of various diseases. The study has brought to light that the main diseases treated by this community was snakebite in which 19 different types of medicinal plants belongs to 13 families were used. Significantly higher number of medicinal plants was claimed by men as compared to women. The highest numbers of medicinal plants for traditional uses utilized by this community were belonging to family Fabaceae.
Conclusion
This community carries a vast knowledge of medicinal plants but as snake charming is banned in India as part of efforts to protect India's steadily depleting wildlife, this knowledge is also rapidly disappearing in this community. Such type of ethno botanical studies will help in systematic documentation of ethno botanical knowledge and availing to the scientific world plant therapies used as antivenin by the Saperas community.
Gender-associated modulation of inducible CYP1A1 expression by andrographolide in mouse liver
Eur J Pharm Sci. 2010 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print]
Jarukamjorn K, Kondo S, Chatuphonprasert W, Sakuma T, Kawasaki Y, Nemoto N.
Academic Office for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Mitrapaab Road, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
We previously observed a strong synergistic effect on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-induced CYP1A1 expression by andrographolide, a major constituent of an herbal medicine derived from the plant Andrographis paniculata, in mouse hepatocytes in primary culture. The present paper describes confirmation of an enhancing effect of andrographolide on the CYP1 family in vivo in the PAH-responsive C57BL/6 mouse. Andrographolide did not alter CYP1 expression in the PAH-nonresponsive DBA/2 mouse. The enhanced expression induced by andrographolide was observed in male C57BL/6 mice, but not in intact or ovariectomized females, or in orchiectomized male mice. However, treatment with testosterone restored the effect in both orchiectomized males and ovariectomized females. These observations indicate a male hormone-related system to be a crucial mediator of the modulation of CYP1 expression by andrographolide. Precautions should be taken regarding the use of Andrographis paniculata as an alternative medication or health promotion, according to its distinctive characterization on sexually dimorphic modulation of CYP1A1 expression. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PMID: 20117208 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Jarukamjorn K, Kondo S, Chatuphonprasert W, Sakuma T, Kawasaki Y, Nemoto N.
Academic Office for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Mitrapaab Road, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
We previously observed a strong synergistic effect on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-induced CYP1A1 expression by andrographolide, a major constituent of an herbal medicine derived from the plant Andrographis paniculata, in mouse hepatocytes in primary culture. The present paper describes confirmation of an enhancing effect of andrographolide on the CYP1 family in vivo in the PAH-responsive C57BL/6 mouse. Andrographolide did not alter CYP1 expression in the PAH-nonresponsive DBA/2 mouse. The enhanced expression induced by andrographolide was observed in male C57BL/6 mice, but not in intact or ovariectomized females, or in orchiectomized male mice. However, treatment with testosterone restored the effect in both orchiectomized males and ovariectomized females. These observations indicate a male hormone-related system to be a crucial mediator of the modulation of CYP1 expression by andrographolide. Precautions should be taken regarding the use of Andrographis paniculata as an alternative medication or health promotion, according to its distinctive characterization on sexually dimorphic modulation of CYP1A1 expression. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PMID: 20117208 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Herb-drug interaction of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats
Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Jan 22. [Epub ahead of print]
Herb-drug interaction of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats.
Chien CF, Wu YT, Lee WC, Lin LC, Tsai TH.
Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Herb-drug interaction has become a serious problem since herbal medicine is extensively used in the modern world. This study investigates effects of Andrographis paniculata extract (APE) and its major component, andrographolide (AG), on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline, a typical substrate of cytochrome P450 1A2 enzyme, in rats. After APE or AG pretreatment for 3 days, on the fourth day rats were administered theophylline via femoral vein cannula. The blood theophylline levels were monitored by microdialysis sampling combined with HPLC-UV. The results indicated that the clearance of theophylline was significantly increased and the area under concentration-time curve (AUC) was reduced in both AG and APE pretreated groups at low-dose theophylline administration (1mg/kg). The elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)) and mean residence time (MRT) of theophylline were shortened by 14% and 17%, respectively, in the AG pretreated group when high-dose theophylline (5mg/kg) was given. However, theophylline accumulated in rat of the group with APE pretreatment. This phenomenon suggests that some other herbal components contained in APE may interact with theophylline and retard its elimination when theophylline was administered at a high dose. Our results suggest that patients who want to use CYP1A2-metabolized drugs such as caffeine and theophylline should be advised of the potential herb-drug interaction, to reduce therapeutic failure or increased toxicity of conventional drug therapy. Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
PMID: 20096675 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Herb-drug interaction of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats.
Chien CF, Wu YT, Lee WC, Lin LC, Tsai TH.
Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Herb-drug interaction has become a serious problem since herbal medicine is extensively used in the modern world. This study investigates effects of Andrographis paniculata extract (APE) and its major component, andrographolide (AG), on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline, a typical substrate of cytochrome P450 1A2 enzyme, in rats. After APE or AG pretreatment for 3 days, on the fourth day rats were administered theophylline via femoral vein cannula. The blood theophylline levels were monitored by microdialysis sampling combined with HPLC-UV. The results indicated that the clearance of theophylline was significantly increased and the area under concentration-time curve (AUC) was reduced in both AG and APE pretreated groups at low-dose theophylline administration (1mg/kg). The elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)) and mean residence time (MRT) of theophylline were shortened by 14% and 17%, respectively, in the AG pretreated group when high-dose theophylline (5mg/kg) was given. However, theophylline accumulated in rat of the group with APE pretreatment. This phenomenon suggests that some other herbal components contained in APE may interact with theophylline and retard its elimination when theophylline was administered at a high dose. Our results suggest that patients who want to use CYP1A2-metabolized drugs such as caffeine and theophylline should be advised of the potential herb-drug interaction, to reduce therapeutic failure or increased toxicity of conventional drug therapy. Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
PMID: 20096675 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Inhibitory effects of andrographolide on migration and invasion in human non-small cell lung cancer
Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 Jan 21. [Epub ahead of print]
Inhibitory effects of andrographolide on migration and invasion in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells via down-regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Lee YC, Lin HH, Hsu CH, Wang CJ, Chiang TA, Chen JH.
Department of Biological Science and Technology and Institute of Biomedical Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among cancers worldwide and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises more than 80% of lung cancer cases. Treatment options for patients with advanced NSCLC have evolved in the last decade with the advent of novel biological agents. Andrographolide, a diterpenoid lactone isolated from a traditional herbal medicine Andrographis paniculata, is known to have the potential to be developed as a chemotherapeutic agent. In order to understand the anti-cancer properties of andrographolide, we examined its effect on migration and invasion in human NSCLC A549 cells. The results of wound-healing assay and in vitro transwell assay revealed andrographolide inhibited dose-dependently the migration and invasion of A549 cells under non-cytotoxic concentrations. Molecular data showed the effect of andrographolide in A549 cells might be mediated via sustained inactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signal involved in the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Our results showed andrographolide exerted an inhibitory effect on the activity and the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-7, but not MMP-2 or MMP-9. The andrographolide-inhibited MMP-7 expression or activity appeared to occur via activator protein-1 (AP-1) because of its DNA binding activity was suppressed by andrographolide. Additionally, the transfection of Akt overexpression vector (Akt1 cDNA) to A549 cells could result in an increase expression of MMP-7 concomitantly with a marked induction on cell invasion. These findings suggested the inhibition on MMP-7 expression by andrographolide may be through suppression on PI3K/Akt/AP-1 signaling pathway, which in turn led to the reduced invasiveness of the cancer cells. Copyright © 2009. Published by Elsevier B.V.
PMID: 20097193 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Inhibitory effects of andrographolide on migration and invasion in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells via down-regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Lee YC, Lin HH, Hsu CH, Wang CJ, Chiang TA, Chen JH.
Department of Biological Science and Technology and Institute of Biomedical Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among cancers worldwide and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises more than 80% of lung cancer cases. Treatment options for patients with advanced NSCLC have evolved in the last decade with the advent of novel biological agents. Andrographolide, a diterpenoid lactone isolated from a traditional herbal medicine Andrographis paniculata, is known to have the potential to be developed as a chemotherapeutic agent. In order to understand the anti-cancer properties of andrographolide, we examined its effect on migration and invasion in human NSCLC A549 cells. The results of wound-healing assay and in vitro transwell assay revealed andrographolide inhibited dose-dependently the migration and invasion of A549 cells under non-cytotoxic concentrations. Molecular data showed the effect of andrographolide in A549 cells might be mediated via sustained inactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signal involved in the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Our results showed andrographolide exerted an inhibitory effect on the activity and the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-7, but not MMP-2 or MMP-9. The andrographolide-inhibited MMP-7 expression or activity appeared to occur via activator protein-1 (AP-1) because of its DNA binding activity was suppressed by andrographolide. Additionally, the transfection of Akt overexpression vector (Akt1 cDNA) to A549 cells could result in an increase expression of MMP-7 concomitantly with a marked induction on cell invasion. These findings suggested the inhibition on MMP-7 expression by andrographolide may be through suppression on PI3K/Akt/AP-1 signaling pathway, which in turn led to the reduced invasiveness of the cancer cells. Copyright © 2009. Published by Elsevier B.V.
PMID: 20097193 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chennai-based RRF launches Ayurveda remedy for swine flu 'Ayusrem'
The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) in the Union Territory of Pondicherry has granted licence to Chennai-based Ramoni Research Foundation (RRF), an institute conducting research in Ayurveda medicines, to manufacture and market an Ayurvedic antiviral medication Ayusrem, which is a potential drug to prevent and treat H1N1.
The scientists at the foundation claimed that the drug is a potential choice to prevent and treat H1N1 flu and will prove to be a boon to the people as it is being launched at a time when the entire world is stepping up efforts to tackle the H1N1 pandemic. According to the scientists, the drug is made of extracts from anti-viral plants and antipyretic plants like Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma Longa and Vetiveria zizanioides. Extracts of Immunomodulant plants like Zingiber officinale and Piper nigrum have also been included. The Analgesic ingredients in the formulation are from Andrographis paniculata, Zingiber officinale and Cyperus rotundus.
Read more at pharmabiz.com
The scientists at the foundation claimed that the drug is a potential choice to prevent and treat H1N1 flu and will prove to be a boon to the people as it is being launched at a time when the entire world is stepping up efforts to tackle the H1N1 pandemic. According to the scientists, the drug is made of extracts from anti-viral plants and antipyretic plants like Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma Longa and Vetiveria zizanioides. Extracts of Immunomodulant plants like Zingiber officinale and Piper nigrum have also been included. The Analgesic ingredients in the formulation are from Andrographis paniculata, Zingiber officinale and Cyperus rotundus.
Read more at pharmabiz.com
Anti-inflammatory Activity of New Compounds from Andrographis paniculata by NF-kappaB Transactivation Inhibition
J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Jan 19. [Epub ahead of print]
Anti-inflammatory Activity of New Compounds from Andrographis paniculata by NF-kappaB Transactivation Inhibition.
Chao WW, Kuo YH, Lin BF.
Department of Biochemical Science and Technology.
Previous studies showed that the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of Andrographis paniculata (AP) possessed anti-inflammatory activity. This study further isolated these active compounds from bioactivity-guided chromatographic fractionation and identified eight pure compounds. Reporter gene assay indicated that 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (1), 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavanone (2), a mix of beta-sitosterol (3a) and stigmasterol (3b), ergosterol peroxide (4), 14-deoxy-14,15-dehydroandrographolide (5), and a new compound, 19-O-acetyl-14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (6a), significantly inhibited the transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB in LPS/IFN-gamma stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages (P < 0.05). The two most abundant compounds, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (7) and andrographolide (8), had less inhibitory activity but exerted greater inhibitory activity by hydrogenation, oxidation, or acetylation to become four derived compounds, 9, 10, 11, and 12. All of the compounds significantly decreased TNF-alpha, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), and nitric oxide (NO) secretions from LPS/IFN-gamma stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Compounds 5, 11, and 12 exerted the strongest inhibitory effect on NF-kappaB-dependent transactivation in the RAW 264.7 cell, with IC(50) values of 2, 2.2, and 2.4 mug/mL, respectively, providing encouraging results for bioactive compound development.
PMID: 20085279 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Anti-inflammatory Activity of New Compounds from Andrographis paniculata by NF-kappaB Transactivation Inhibition.
Chao WW, Kuo YH, Lin BF.
Department of Biochemical Science and Technology.
Previous studies showed that the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of Andrographis paniculata (AP) possessed anti-inflammatory activity. This study further isolated these active compounds from bioactivity-guided chromatographic fractionation and identified eight pure compounds. Reporter gene assay indicated that 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (1), 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavanone (2), a mix of beta-sitosterol (3a) and stigmasterol (3b), ergosterol peroxide (4), 14-deoxy-14,15-dehydroandrographolide (5), and a new compound, 19-O-acetyl-14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (6a), significantly inhibited the transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB in LPS/IFN-gamma stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages (P < 0.05). The two most abundant compounds, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (7) and andrographolide (8), had less inhibitory activity but exerted greater inhibitory activity by hydrogenation, oxidation, or acetylation to become four derived compounds, 9, 10, 11, and 12. All of the compounds significantly decreased TNF-alpha, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), and nitric oxide (NO) secretions from LPS/IFN-gamma stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Compounds 5, 11, and 12 exerted the strongest inhibitory effect on NF-kappaB-dependent transactivation in the RAW 264.7 cell, with IC(50) values of 2, 2.2, and 2.4 mug/mL, respectively, providing encouraging results for bioactive compound development.
PMID: 20085279 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Clinical evaluation of extract of Andrographis paniculata (KalmCold) in patients with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection
Phytomedicine. 2010 Jan 19. [Epub ahead of print]
A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical evaluation of extract of Andrographis paniculata (KalmCold) in patients with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection.
Saxena RC, Singh R, Kumar P, Yadav SC, Negi MP, Saxena VS, Joshua AJ, Vijayabalaji V, Goudar KS, Venkateshwarlu K, Amit A.
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India.
A randomized, double blind placebo controlled clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of KalmCold, an extract of Andrographis paniculata, in patients with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). The assessment involved quantification of symptom scores by Visual Analogue Scale. Nine self evaluated symptoms of cough, expectoration, nasal discharge, headache, fever, sore throat, earache, malaise/fatigue and sleep disturbance were scored. A total of 223 patients of both sexes were randomized in two groups which received either KalmCold (200 mg/day) or placebo in a double blind manner. In both the treatments, mean scores of all symptoms showed a decreasing trend from day 1 to day 3 but from day 3 to day 5 most of the symptoms in placebo treated group either remained unchanged (cough, headache and earache) or got aggravated (sore throat and sleep disturbance) whereas in KalmCold treated group all symptoms showed a decreasing trend. Within groups, mean scores of symptoms in both the groups decreased significantly (p </= 0.05) from day 1 to day 3 and day 5 while from day 3 to day 5 all symptoms except expectoration in placebo group did not improve significantly whereas in KalmCold treated group all symptoms improved significantly (p </= 0.05) except earache. Comparing mean between both groups, all symptoms at day 1 and day 3 were found to be the same while at day 5 all symptoms except earache in KalmCold treated group improved significantly (p </= 0.05) than placebo group. Similarly, within groups, overall scores of all symptoms in both the groups decreased significantly (p </= 0.05) from day 1 to day 3 and day 5 while from day 3 to day 5 placebo group did not improve significantly whereas KalmCold treated group showed significant improvement (p </= 0.05). On between groups analysis, KalmCold group showed significant reduction (p </= 0.05) in overall symptom scores as compared to placebo group. In both placebo and KalmCold treated groups, there were only a few minor adverse effects with no significant difference in occurrence (Z = 0.63; p > 0.05). The comparison of overall efficacy of KalmCold over placebo was found to be significant (p </= 0.05) and it was 2.1 times (52.7%) higher than placebo. The findings of this study revealed that KalmCold was effective in reducing symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
PMID: 20092985 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical evaluation of extract of Andrographis paniculata (KalmCold) in patients with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection.
Saxena RC, Singh R, Kumar P, Yadav SC, Negi MP, Saxena VS, Joshua AJ, Vijayabalaji V, Goudar KS, Venkateshwarlu K, Amit A.
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India.
A randomized, double blind placebo controlled clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of KalmCold, an extract of Andrographis paniculata, in patients with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). The assessment involved quantification of symptom scores by Visual Analogue Scale. Nine self evaluated symptoms of cough, expectoration, nasal discharge, headache, fever, sore throat, earache, malaise/fatigue and sleep disturbance were scored. A total of 223 patients of both sexes were randomized in two groups which received either KalmCold (200 mg/day) or placebo in a double blind manner. In both the treatments, mean scores of all symptoms showed a decreasing trend from day 1 to day 3 but from day 3 to day 5 most of the symptoms in placebo treated group either remained unchanged (cough, headache and earache) or got aggravated (sore throat and sleep disturbance) whereas in KalmCold treated group all symptoms showed a decreasing trend. Within groups, mean scores of symptoms in both the groups decreased significantly (p </= 0.05) from day 1 to day 3 and day 5 while from day 3 to day 5 all symptoms except expectoration in placebo group did not improve significantly whereas in KalmCold treated group all symptoms improved significantly (p </= 0.05) except earache. Comparing mean between both groups, all symptoms at day 1 and day 3 were found to be the same while at day 5 all symptoms except earache in KalmCold treated group improved significantly (p </= 0.05) than placebo group. Similarly, within groups, overall scores of all symptoms in both the groups decreased significantly (p </= 0.05) from day 1 to day 3 and day 5 while from day 3 to day 5 placebo group did not improve significantly whereas KalmCold treated group showed significant improvement (p </= 0.05). On between groups analysis, KalmCold group showed significant reduction (p </= 0.05) in overall symptom scores as compared to placebo group. In both placebo and KalmCold treated groups, there were only a few minor adverse effects with no significant difference in occurrence (Z = 0.63; p > 0.05). The comparison of overall efficacy of KalmCold over placebo was found to be significant (p </= 0.05) and it was 2.1 times (52.7%) higher than placebo. The findings of this study revealed that KalmCold was effective in reducing symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
PMID: 20092985 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Activation of the cAMP/CREB/Inducible cAMP Early Repressor Pathway Suppresses Andrographolide-Induced Gene Expression
J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Jan 11. [Epub ahead of print]
Activation of the cAMP/CREB/Inducible cAMP Early Repressor Pathway Suppresses Andrographolide-Induced Gene Expression of the pi Class of Glutathione S-Transferase in Rat Primary Hepatocytes.
Yang AJ, Li CC, Lu CY, Liu KL, Tsai CW, Lii CK, Chen HW.
Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Andrographolide (Ap) is a bioactive compound in Andrographis paniculata that is a Chinese herb. The pi class of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP) is one kind of phase II detoxification enzyme. Here we show that induction of GSTP protein and mRNA expression in rat primary hepatocytes by Ap was inhibited by forskolin and a variety of cAMP analogues. The inhibitory effect of the cAMP analogues was partially blocked by pretreatment with H89. In the presence of Ap, forskolin, or both, the expression of phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) was increased. Ap alone had no effect on inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) mRNA expression; however, Ap played a potentiating role in forskolin-induced ICER mRNA expression. An EMSA and immunoprecipitation assay showed that ICER binding to cAMP-response element (CRE) was increased in cells cotreated with Ap and forskolin for 3 and 8 h. Taken together, these results suggest that ICER is likely to be involved in the suppression of Ap-induced GSTP expression caused by the increase of cAMP in rat primary hepatocytes.
PMID: 20063885 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Activation of the cAMP/CREB/Inducible cAMP Early Repressor Pathway Suppresses Andrographolide-Induced Gene Expression of the pi Class of Glutathione S-Transferase in Rat Primary Hepatocytes.
Yang AJ, Li CC, Lu CY, Liu KL, Tsai CW, Lii CK, Chen HW.
Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Andrographolide (Ap) is a bioactive compound in Andrographis paniculata that is a Chinese herb. The pi class of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP) is one kind of phase II detoxification enzyme. Here we show that induction of GSTP protein and mRNA expression in rat primary hepatocytes by Ap was inhibited by forskolin and a variety of cAMP analogues. The inhibitory effect of the cAMP analogues was partially blocked by pretreatment with H89. In the presence of Ap, forskolin, or both, the expression of phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) was increased. Ap alone had no effect on inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) mRNA expression; however, Ap played a potentiating role in forskolin-induced ICER mRNA expression. An EMSA and immunoprecipitation assay showed that ICER binding to cAMP-response element (CRE) was increased in cells cotreated with Ap and forskolin for 3 and 8 h. Taken together, these results suggest that ICER is likely to be involved in the suppression of Ap-induced GSTP expression caused by the increase of cAMP in rat primary hepatocytes.
PMID: 20063885 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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